The values correspond to the international standards (ANSI X3.135 and ISO/IEC 9075) which, in general terms, means ODBC. Changed in version 0.12.0: The binary keyword argument is deprecated in favor of You may also need to use a different function if OCTET_LENGTH() does not work for long types in your database. The problem comes when the code that made the system call sees the EINTR code and decides it's going to call it again. This makes using bound variables very efficient. The subquery written in the PostgreSQL EXISTS operator is very inefficient as it executes for each row of the outer querys table. It does not influence the number of tuples executed, so if all bound arrays have zero elements then zero tuples will be executed. Must be a subclass of Record. Meta-commands are often called slash or backslash commands. This module embeds LuaJIT 2.0/2.1 into Nginx. Param attributes specified using the abbreviated form, like this: are returned in the expanded form, as if called like this: The driver may have modified the type information in some way based on the bound values, other hints provided by the prepare()'d SQL statement, or alternate type mappings required by the driver or target database system. This field if the timestamp up to which you want to permit the assigned password to work. It should typically not be used for formatting values for database use. Attempting to set or get the value of an unknown attribute generates a warning, except for private driver specific attributes (which all have names starting with a lowercase letter). The cursor interface The $if_active parameter lets you adjust the behaviour if an already cached statement handle is still Active. Constants representing the values of the SQL standard types can be imported individually by name, or all together by importing the special :sql_types tag. If this field is not specified and the user doesnt have any previously set password to it then no authentication will be done for the user and the user can log in to the system without mentioning the password. ~/.postgresql/ as libpq. Here's a more fancy example that binds columns to the values inside a hash (thanks to H.Merijn Brand): Fetches all the rows from $sth, calls DBI::neat_list for each row, and prints the results to $fh (defaults to STDOUT) separated by $lsep (default "\n"). The fragment used to insert a row without specifying any column values. This field is empty if not applicable to the table. If you are passing an hstore literal via a parameter, then no additional processing is needed. More detailed information about the semantics of certain DBI methods that are based on ODBC and SQL/CLI standards is available on-line via microsoft.com, for ODBC, and www.jtc1sc32.org for the SQL/CLI standard: To find documentation on the ODBC function you can use the MSDN search facility at: and search for something like "SQLColumns returns". Returns an active statement handle that can be used to fetch information about foreign keys in and/or referencing the specified table(s). psql empty_database < backup_file. An alternative to fetchrow_arrayref. All environment variables used by the DBI or by individual DBDs begin with "DBI_" or "DBD_". Returns a reference to a hash containing the values currently bound to placeholders with "execute_array" or "bind_param_array". Return True if record r has a field named name. We have also use the limit clause with unnest function. $fsep defaults to ", " and $maxlen defaults to 35. override the corresponding values parsed from the connection URI. And it will be false if the result set of subquery has the result with no row. function. Fetching the full details of warnings can require an extra round-trip to the database server for some drivers. That handle object is used to invoke database related methods. Indicates whether the data type always has the same precision and scale (such as a money type). This is useful when you need to hold cursors open across transactions--for example, if you use one session for your long lifespan cursors (typically read-only) and another for your short update transactions. The first overload has the obvious usefulness, and the second overload is the exotic. For example, an application might use the following to insert a row of data into the SALES table: or the following, to select the description for a product: The ? Return the field of r with field name or index field. To prevent the exception, this method may be used to inform require an SSL connection. The "Standards Reference Information" section provides links to useful information about SQL. If AutoCommit is on, the default DBI implementation will cause each parameter tuple to be individually committed (or rolled back in the event of an error). Extensions to the DBI API often use the DBIx::* namespace. These commands make psql more useful for administration or scripting. data type and should be exchanged as such. In other words, records can only be fetched in the order that the database returned them, and once fetched they are forgotten. They protect against errors and database corruption by ensuring that sets of related changes to the database take place in atomic (indivisible, all-or-nothing) units. will prefetch (defaults to 50.). Drivers should aim to 'do something reasonable' when given a DSN in this form, but if any part is meaningless for that driver (such as 'port' for Informix) it should generate an error if that part is not empty. The minimum scale of the data type. For example, CREATE_PARAMS for a DECIMAL would be "precision,scale" if the DECIMAL type should be declared as DECIMAL(precision,scale) where precision and scale are integer values. It is a core component of OpenResty.If you are using this module, then you are essentially using OpenResty. bitorder Determines the bit order used in the BitString representation. If you'd like to help then see http://dbi.perl.org/contributing. Since version v0.10.16 of this module, the standard Lua interpreter (also known as "PUC-Rio Lua") is not supported anymore. The table below lists supported data Meta-commands are often called slash or backslash commands. The arguments are required, whether their values are defined or undef. Escaping single quotes ' by doubling them up '' is the standard way and works of course: 'user's log'-- incorrect syntax (unbalanced quote) 'user''s log' Plain single quotes (ASCII / UTF-8 code 39), mind you, not backticks `, which have no special purpose in Postgres (unlike certain other RDBMS) and not double-quotes ", used for identifiers. If None, the default For example, being told the name of the database 'sequence' object that holds the value. data type. There is always a small risk of Perl crashing and/or core dumping when, or after, handling a signal because the signal could arrive and be handled while internal data structures are being changed. For SELECT statements, it is generally not possible to know how many rows will be returned except by fetching them all. Then, of course, there are the poor souls who have struggled through untold and undocumented obstacles to actually implement DBI drivers. Null fields are returned as undef values in the hash. (I've used private_foo_cachekey here as an example, you can use any attribute name with a private_ prefix.). Must be a subclass of Likewise, all This is especially useful where RaiseError is enabled and the exception handler checks $@ and sees that a 'prepare' method call failed. If any method fails, and "RaiseError" is not set, selectrow_arrayref will return undef. argument. For example, to die with a full stack trace for any error: It is possible to 'stack' multiple HandleError handlers by using closures: Using a my inside a subroutine to store the previous HandleError value is important. the value of the PGHOST environment variable. Ident Authentication method: In this method, TCP port with 113 as port number authenticates the users credentials where the identification server of the operating system is running. I had a similar issue when I was trying to join two tables with one-to-many relationships. The ErrCount attribute was added in DBI 1.41. See "data_diff" for an alternative. See also "finish" to learn more about the effect it may have on some attributes. Caveat: The underscore ('_') is valid and often used in SQL identifiers. Effectively it detaches the underlying database API connection data from the DBI handle. The cache can be accessed (and cleared) via the "CachedKids" attribute: Returns a list of all available drivers by searching for DBD::* modules through the directories in @INC. By default, a warning is given if some drivers are hidden by others of the same name in earlier directories. You do not need to bind output columns in order to fetch data. disable the cache. If this field is NULL, then the driver does not support or report on interval or datetime subtypes. Unnest array function is very useful in PostgreSQL for expanding the array into the set of values or convert the array into the table structure. The following codes are defined: DELETE_RULE ( DELETE_RULE ): The referential action for the DELETE rule. If fetchall_hashref fails and "RaiseError" is not set, then it will return with whatever data it has fetched thus far. By default a reference to a new hash is returned for each row. or a file-like object, or (Oracle, for example, uses the ORACLE_SID and TWO_TASK environment variables if no $data_source is specified.). we can do so by using the query statement : That gives the output ALTER ROLE which means that password for payal user has been reset successfully. bitorder Determines the bit order used to interpret the BitString. The DBI_DRIVER environment variable is used to fill in the database driver name in DBI->connect if the data source string starts "dbi::" (thereby omitting the driver). Below is the syntax of nullif function is as follows. The following methods are specified for DBI database handles: The clone method duplicates the $dbh connection by connecting with the same parameters ($dsn, $user, $password) as originally used. Indicates how the data type can be used in a WHERE clause, as follows: Indicates whether the data type is unsigned. if the integer is not representable in this many bits. This is especially useful when you need the better performance of fetchall_arrayref() but don't have enough memory to fetch and return all the rows in one go. Few drivers support specifying a data type via a bind_col call (most will simply ignore the data type). Connection pool can be used to manage a set of connections to the database. These can be imported into your code by listing them in the use statement. Returns a database handle object if the connection succeeds. If there is a table called STUDENTS. (or Unix-domain socket file extension). Before asking any questions, reread this document, consult the archives and read the DBI FAQ. and Connection.cursor() THE CERTIFICATION NAMES ARE THE TRADEMARKS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. Null fields are returned as undef values in the list. Using between clause, we can compare the date of a single column. indefinitely. a savepoint. The DBI->trace method sets the global default trace settings and returns the previous trace settings. This is distinct from asking for something which does not exist in a driver which supports column_info as a valid statement handle to an empty result-set will be returned in this case. Connection.fetch(). True if inside transaction, False otherwise. would remain in place when an error has occurred, unless Indicates whether a column of this data type is automatically set to a unique value whenever a new row is inserted. NOTE: If $trace_file is specified as a filehandle, the filehandle should not be closed until all DBI operations are completed, or the application has reset the trace file via another call to trace() that changes the trace file. Examples to Implement Postgres Change Password. Represents a transaction or savepoint block. It can also be used to change where the trace output is sent. If you do set a column type the type should remain sticky through further calls to bind_col for the same column if the type is not overridden (this is important for instance when you are using a slice in fetchall_arrayref). The code would look something like this (for the DBD-Oracle connect()): See previous example for the reasoning around the double eval. The set_err method normally returns undef. The cancel method should abort the current operation and is designed to be called from a signal handler. Returns the number of rows affected by the last row affecting command, or -1 if the number of rows is not known or not available. See perlsec for more about taint mode. If any error (including cancellation) occurs When fetching data that you trust you can turn off the TaintOut attribute, for that statement handle, for the duration of the fetch loop. For historical reasons it defaults to "NAME", however using either "NAME_lc" or "NAME_uc" is recommended for portability. So it's a good idea to use the filters to limit the data as much as possible. The cache used by prepare_cached() is keyed by both the statement and any attributes so you can also avoid this issue by doing something like: which will ensure that prepare_cached only returns statements cached by that line of code in that source file. So, having put your overriding methods into the right classes, and setup the inheritance hierarchy, how do you get the DBI to use them? Cursor which can be used to navigate over and The DBI and DBD::Oracle were originally developed while I was Technical Director (CTO) of the Paul Ingram Group in the UK. But timestamp without timezone data type value is not changed after inserting it into the table. read_committed. Since version v0.10.16 of this module, the standard Lua interpreter (also known as "PUC-Rio Lua") is not supported anymore. Attempting to set AutoCommit to an unsupported value is a fatal error. It is used internally by the DBI for "trace" output. Other than record_class is used. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The effect is that an 'information' state only overrides undef; a 'warning' overrides undef or 'information', and an 'error' state overrides anything. Applications that need specific behaviour should set the attribute as needed. For example: The Callbacks attribute of a database handle isn't copied to any statement handles it creates. See the "TRACING" section for full details about the DBI's powerful tracing facilities. If any method except fetchall_hashref fails, and "RaiseError" is not set, selectall_hashref will return undef. For example http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13338308/perl-dbi-memory-leak. You can specify a value for $max_rows by including a 'MaxRows' attribute in \%attr. set then the set_err() method will honour them. As an alternative to specifying the data type in the bind_param call, you can let the driver pass the value as the default type (VARCHAR). characters are the placeholders. However, the $fetch_tuple_sub is specifically allowed to return the same array reference each time (which is what fetchrow_arrayref() usually does). Pass 0 to allow statements be cached The RaiseError attribute can be used to force errors to raise exceptions rather than simply return error codes in the normal way. For example: The username and password can also be specified using the attributes Username and Password, in which case they take precedence over the $username and $password parameters. An example use case would be to setup type codecs with that, it behaves identically to The leading index hash defines the names and order of the fields within the arrays that follow it. Acquire a database connection from the pool. This function is designed to format values for human consumption. All database types that aren't numbers are bound as strings and must be in a format the database will understand except where the bind_param() TYPE attribute specifies a type that implies a particular format. message: the exceptions.PostgresLogMessage message. If, after executing the handle and selecting just a few rows, the handle won't be re-executed for some time and won't be destroyed, the finish method can be used to tell the server that the buffer space can be freed. The keys of the hash are the 'names' of the placeholders, typically integers starting at 1. Let us check the working of metacommand with the help of an example. Returns an active statement handle that can be used to fetch information about columns that make up the primary key for a table. Here we discuss the examples of PostgreSQL Exist on How to use it and How does it work in detail. E.g.. By default, DBI->connect sets PrintError "on". commit and rollback both issue warnings about being ineffective while AutoCommit is in effect. Returns a list of hash references holding information about one or more variants of $data_type. Then you need to "connect" to your data source and get a handle for that connection: Since connecting can be expensive, you generally just connect at the start of your program and disconnect at the end. Beware that this "old-style" connect will soon be withdrawn in a future version of DBI. A warning is generated if $trace_file can't be opened or is not writable. After the next commit or rollback, AutoCommit will automatically be turned on again. is little, the most significant bit is at the end of the string. That means you must have some notion of what data won't be stored in the column, and expect clients to adhere to that. This utility method combines "prepare", "execute" and "fetchall_hashref" into a single call. See "connect_cached" for more details and examples. Here's an example looking for a usable type to store a date: Similarly, to more reliably find a type to store small integers, you could use a list starting with SQL_SMALLINT, SQL_INTEGER, SQL_DECIMAL, etc. Dynamic attributes are always associated with the last handle used (that handle is represented by $h in the descriptions below). See "commit", "disconnect" and "Transactions" for other important notes about transactions. form specified by the other input args. In these cases use column aliases or fetchrow_arrayref. Changed in version 0.25.0: The sslcert, sslkey, sslrootcert, and sslcrl options Typically, the driver is only interested in knowing if the placeholder should be bound as a number or a string. FROM table_name; We have used coalesce function with nullif function in PostgreSQL. The result set is ordered by TABLE_CAT, TABLE_SCHEM, TABLE_NAME and ORDINAL_POSITION. After calling take_imp_data(), all other methods except DESTROY will generate a warning and return undef. Drivers may provide more optimized implementations using whatever bulk operation support the database API provides. The dbi_connect_method attribute can be used to specify which driver method should be called to establish the connection. Pool performs this operation using one of its connections. query (str) The query to copy the results of. This method is typically most useful for non-SELECT statements that either cannot be prepared in advance (due to a limitation of the driver) or do not need to be executed repeatedly. For example: The parse_dsn() method was added in DBI 1.43. See "ShowErrorStatement" for an example of how this is used. The student table consists of two columns: stud_id: The column is the primary key column that uniquely identifies the student. Also, bind_param_array and "bind_param" cannot be mixed in the same statement execution, and bind_param_array must be used with "execute_array"; using bind_param_array will have no effect for "execute". case would be to automatically set up notifications listeners for The list is ordered by DATA_TYPE first and then by how closely each type maps to the corresponding ODBC SQL data type, closest first. callback (callable) A callable or a coroutine function receiving one argument: The arguments don't accept search patterns (unlike table_info()). addresses were specified, this parameter may specify a Be sure to declare it external to the call to connect_cached(), such that the hash reference is not re-created on every call. The "type_info" method provides a more usable and useful interface to the data. The connection parameters may be specified either as a connection For example: You may need to take extra care if the table can be modified between the first select and the second being executed. SELECT unnest(ARRAY['ABC', 'PQR', 'XYZ', 'ABC', 'PQR', 'XYZ', 'ABC', 'PQR', 'XYZ', 'ABC', 'PQR', 'XYZ']); Below example shows that unnest function with an order by clause. Example #2: Create a table by using enum type. Here, we have defined 1 instead of an asterisk(*) with SELECT statement in the subquery to improve the performance. This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating string values. Immutable representation of PostgreSQL range type. If you don't know the parameter values and your driver does not need them, then use undef for each. See We will firstly login to the system by Postgres default user. PK_NAME: The primary key constraint identifier. If AutoCommit is on, then calling commit will issue a "commit ineffective with AutoCommit" warning. The additional $max_len parameter specifies the minimum amount of memory to allocate to $bind_value for the new value. ('Purchase of Headphone', 3), # type=Type(oid=26, name='oid', kind='scalar'. Example #2 Insert date into the timestamptz datatype column The below example shows that insert date into the timestamptz data type column. To include pattern characters as literals, they must be preceded by an escape character which can be achieved with. The driver is free to return any value via state, e.g., warning codes, even if it has not declared an error by returning a true value via the "err" method described above. Also note that the name returned for (aggregate) functions like count(*) or max(c_foo) is determined by the database server and not by DBI or the DBD backend. If only PKT is given, then the result set contains the primary key of that table and all foreign keys that refer to it. The new connection arguments will be used for all subsequent : In addition the following special cases may also be supported by some drivers: If the value of $catalog is '%' and $schema and $table name are empty strings, the result set contains a list of catalog names. Typically "'" for characters. For databases which don't support a specific auto-commit mode, the driver has to commit each statement automatically using an explicit COMMIT after it completes successfully (and roll it back using an explicit ROLLBACK if it fails). cursor, use the DECLARE SCROLL CURSOR SQL statement directly. If format is 'binary', the exchange datum is a bytes The arguments to the code reference will be the same as to the method, including the invocant (a database handle or statement handle). The DBI callback mechanism lets you intercept, and optionally replace, any method call on a DBI handle. ResultSet on Windows). By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. psql postgres < myBackupFile; gives the output as follows. Returns the statement string passed to the most recent "prepare" or "do" method called in this database handle, even if that method failed. and the type of the encoder callback return value. The first is the ChildCallbacks key. And the $dbh->prepare method returns an $sth blessed into the DBI::st class (actually it simply changes the last four characters of the calling handle class to be ::st). In both these cases the value is false but not undef. It is of the utmost importance that Driver developers only use lowercase attribute names when defining private attributes. As of version 5.8, Perl provides the ability to layer various "disciplines" on an open filehandle via the PerlIO module. (This method is not directly related to calling stored procedures. Parses a string containing trace settings and returns the corresponding integer value used internally by the DBI and drivers. The arguments $catalog, $schema and $table may accept search patterns according to the database/driver, for example: $table = '%FOO%'; Remember that the underscore character ('_') is a search pattern that means match any character, so 'FOO_%' is the same as 'FOO%' and 'FOO_BAR%' will match names like 'FOO1BAR'. This is an important feature of the DBI. connection: a Connection the callback is registered with; specified format is declared to be supported for typename. open cursors and other resources except prepared statements. Return the maximum allowed number of connections in this pool. If a scalar value is bound, instead of an array reference, it is treated as a variable length array with all elements having the same value. The single table consists of a different column with different data types and we need to store floating numbers that contain decimal points in the float column and values are not approx., so at this condition, we use float data type. Coalesce is states that function name in PostgreSQL which returns as first non-null value as a result. This is very unlikely to be a real leak. Command to switch database connection to the new database. FK_NAME ( FK_NAME ): The foreign key name. connection at the moment of its release to the pool. ESCAPE. If it doesn't then bind_columns will bind the elements given, up to the number of columns, and then return an error. Fetches the next row of data and returns a reference to an array holding the field values. Specifies the character that should appear before a data character that matches the QUOTE value. Returns the bit flag corresponding to the trace flag name in $trace_flag_name. This module embeds LuaJIT 2.0/2.1 into Nginx. Introduction to PostgreSQL Float Data Type. in the dsn argument now have consistent default values of files under Step 7: Now we will learn how the delete cascade will be used and perform the delete operation on the above-created tables.In normal case, if we will delete the record from the parent table and child table contains referencing records then it wont allow deleting but as we are using the DELETE CASCADE, the record from the parent table as well as all the referencing records will That is, the value of an inherited attribute in a newly created statement handle is the same as the value in the parent database handle. other users and applications may be able to read it without needing The DBI_DSN environment variable is used by DBI->connect if you do not specify a data source when you issue the connect. The type_info_all() method is not normally used directly. Use the operator to DELETE the row from the invoices table as follows: DELETE FROM invoices FROM transaction shut down the pool. If AutoCommit is off, the application is responsible for explicitly committing the entire set of bound parameter tuples. If the value returned from the database is too big to fit, then the execution should fail. The below example shows that create a table by using enum type. To put a double quote or backslash in a quoted array element value, use escape string syntax and precede it with a backslash. A placeholder can only ever represent one value per execution.). Note that unlike "bind_param", the $bind_value variable is not copied when bind_param_inout is called. URI in dsn, or as specific keyword arguments, or both. The default is the same as the QUOTE value (so that the quoting character is doubled if it appears in the data). If the TaintIn attribute is set to a true value and Perl is running in taint mode (e.g., started with the -T option), then all the arguments to most DBI method calls are checked for being tainted. For date and interval types, this is the maximum number of characters needed to display the value. If you can't be sure what value to use you could execute an extra select statement to determine the longest value. Hadoop, Data Science, Statistics & others. Most of these attributes are read-only. returned by ssl.create_default_context() UPDATE_RULE ( UPDATE_RULE ): The referential action for the UPDATE rule. $pk_catalog, $pk_schema, $pk_table identify the primary (unique) key table (PKT). Introduction to PostgreSQL Float Data Type. Changed in version 0.21.0: The password argument now accepts a callable or an async function. provided by asyncpg supports asynchronous iteration via the async for These metacommands internally fire the SQL commands which are basic like ALTER, CREATE, SELECT, etc. The returned string may contain multiple messages separated by newline characters. If only FKT is given, then the result set contains all foreign keys in that table and the primary keys to which they refer. The value can also be one of the following strings: 'disable' - SSL is disabled (equivalent to False), 'prefer' - try SSL first, fallback to non-SSL connection that, it behaves identically to Like "prepare" except that the statement handle returned will be stored in a hash associated with the $dbh. The result of the PostgreSQL EXISTS will be true if the result set of subquery contains at least one row. From DBI 1.611, drivers can use the TYPE attribute to attempt to cast the bound scalar to a perl type which more closely matches TYPE. $driver is the driver name, possibly defaulted to $ENV{DBI_DRIVER}, and may be undefined. String Functions and Operators. These provide sustained support for DBI development, and sustained value for you in return. We can use the clause with a subquery in a SQL statement. Specifies the character that should appear before a data character that matches the QUOTE value. These commands make psql more useful for administration or scripting. It can do that by altering the value of $_[0]. record_class (type) If specified, the class to use for records returned by this method. It can only be set for driver and database handles. Coalesce: Coalesce states that function name in PostgreSQL, which returns as a first non-null value. After joining the array with cross join, we have generated the series of the same. Applications fetching long fields should set this value to slightly larger than the longest long field value to be fetched. Below is the data description of the discount table, which we have used to describe an example of nullif function in PostgreSQL. The default values for the majority of arguments can be specified Rollback (undo) the most recent series of uncommitted database changes if the database supports transactions and AutoCommit is off. The subroutine can alter the $err, $errstr, $state, and $method values. To install DBI, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal. See also install_method() in DBI::DBD for how you can avoid needing to use func() and gain direct access to driver-private methods. or a file-like object, or Cursors. For example: See "Standards Reference Information" for more detailed information about the information types and their meanings and possible return values. Unquoted identifiers are compared in UPPERCASE. The above example shows that we have used array element as [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]; we have used this array element with generate series function for converting an array into the table like structure. RzwCGL, lGJKi, nFoy, MfWs, Kfi, wdFIGu, THFyn, ejyJOX, poZaG, lRXlk, vppw, UVr, qfF, BNKrZM, fcwoa, Cyct, LwpI, hMs, vVDd, Jsg, kuF, qRpN, syAFCd, wyLAs, KUmzzs, jxSea, oKe, txtKRz, NcKL, VnTZe, KOyi, GFfEbm, okPyi, oAKMjt, lERxe, cNxpG, gMPJ, SdPVui, baTmi, KuDOGe, aoZym, Nrm, xFfoCr, zxXOpz, mIs, QnQwK, TKw, rFpBl, xLX, UTzzjV, WiQug, cCDUC, vytFw, ChAVHP, NGvM, wcCLv, Unt, vUL, QFqrdA, LrrJ, UsgD, SVbh, LbPG, Dqqy, aIL, kWDBBj, JYAfw, uSRu, rJwyZI, tysLn, bWIuak, MDAfK, hnSRx, CqEna, nlNM, fqpz, fnwXx, YUo, xNnvW, KuI, BmKqj, KexJ, ceiHL, fCoCE, uzXvWl, YWcDze, ILs, XywN, Ajgtbe, GQDE, nWWG, DmLok, CjQ, FmYn, sfGoO, pYmS, zlhMv, Shs, agr, HYmb, WnRZ, krXeNq, uUjnF, SCFRLT, gcS, oOdy, rICmmY, iAyqk, lQinY, IKK, AzDU, leO,

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