Scylla was an ancient monster in Greek mythology who was most famously featured as an obstacle in Homer's Odyssey. In a familiar pattern, the original animal that inspired the monster was made larger and given a hybrid form. - Definition & Mythology, The Griffin in Greek Mythology: Creature, Story & Meaning, Scylla in Greek Mythology: Facts, Story & Family Tree, River Styx in Greek Mythology: Definition & Story, What is the Rod of Asclepius? He had his crew tie him to the mast: What does Scylla do when the ship passes through the Straits of Scylla? While later Roman writers would imagine Scylla as a sea nymph to had been transformed into a terrible monster, the Greeks believed she had always been a terrifying creature. What is Scylla? [1] When a ship sailed near her she would leap out, grabbing men in her six gnashing mouths. What does scylla represent? Download the entire The Odyssey study guide as a printable PDF! [26] Two cupids can also be seen fluttering around the fleeing Scylla in the late painting of the scene by J. M. W. Turner (1841), now in the Kimbell Art Museum. Hereof, how does Odysseus deal with Scylla and Charybdis? After her transformation, Scylla hid herself in the cliffs that overlooked her old bathing pool. Kind of a bad deal, right? In the Odyssey, what does Teiresias (the prophet in the Land of the Dead) warn Odysseus against in his prophecy? "To be between Scylla and Charybdis" is a common expression with a similar meaning to "between a rock and a hard place." Scylla is a recurring monster of the Etrian Odyssey series. He was captivated, but when he tried to approach her, she fled on her dainty feet. What are 3 examples of times when Odysseus demonstrated epic hero/god like qualities in The Odyssey. Who is Scylla? Scylla was a sea monster in ancient Greek mythology that first appeared in literature in Homer's Odyssey. He won the war and sailed off without Scylla. Minos, the king of Crete, battled her father along the coast of Alcathous. As Circe tells Odysseus, Scylla can't be killed, so the only defense is to run away as quickly as possible in order to limit the damage she is able to do. Scylla, the Cyclops, and the Laestrygonians all eat some of Odysseus's men; Circe and the Lotus Eaters slip the men harmful drugs; and . What are the challenges that Odysseus had to face on his journey home? The probability is that Scylla was the personification of a rocky outcrop, or underwater reef, where the deadly "teeth" could rip open a ship's hull. Five-hundred-year-old vases and urns, painted with her image, have been found in archaeological digs of Greek towns. [h], Peter Paul Rubens shows the moment when the horrified Scylla first begins to change, under the gaze of Glaucus (c.1636),[27] while Eglon van der Neer's 1695 painting in the Rijksmuseum shows Circe poisoning the water as Scylla prepares to bathe. From Homers description, an image was created of a female sea monster with a ring of dog-like heads encircling her waist. The beasts come in many forms: ruthless chthonic creatures like Scylla and Charybdis, more human-looking beings represented by Calypso and Circe, or even mythical figures like Polyphemus the Cyclops. Jason and the Argonauts passed by the monster, as well. Cardiologist . When she invites Odysseus to sleep with her, her language suggests that she sees sex as a kind of potion, a "magic work" that involves mixing two ingredients. Some Greek writers confused Crataeis with Hecate, a more prominent goddess with greater dominion over the sea, though in most accepted pantheons of the Greek gods and goddesses today she is considered the offspring of Crataeis as Homer originally wrote. Scylla was a truly horrifying creature in Greek mythology. She is often represented as a whirlpool. For this reason, the female monster lends her name to many things from the area. Odyssey 12.85). At that very instant, the goddess Circe appeared to Odysseus to lend a helping hand--sort of. Her reign of terror is supported by another monster, who lives on the other side of her deadly strait. Most sources do not mention the parents of Scylla, although it is vaguely mentioned that its parents may have been . In John Keats' loose retelling of Ovid's version of the myth of Scylla and Glaucus in Book 3 of Endymion (1818), the evil Circe does not transform Scylla into a monster but merely murders the beautiful nymph. "To be between Scylla and Charybdis" is a common expression with a similar meaning to "between a rock and a hard place." Scylla was also depicted on some currencies in the Agrigento region of Italy during the 5th century BCE. John Keat's Endymion was a collection of poems that were published in 1818. In The Odyssey, did Odysseus do the right thing in not telling his men about the monsters? Odysseus chose to pass close to the beasts lair, losing half a dozen of his strongest sailors to the monsters snapping jaws. Who is Scylla? Charybdis is an enormous whirlpool that threatens to swallow the entire ship. While Odysseus and his men faced a six-headed monster, real sailors would face jagged rocks that lurked just below the surface of the water. From the bottom down, she was a many headed monster. What does Scylla symbolize in the Odyssey? The Devil and the Deep in the Odyssey refers to the Scylla and the Charybdis. - During the Scylla scene he realizes that he can't fight Scylla, he has to sacrifice 6 of his men in order to save himself and the others Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' was written in 8AD. Being an incredibly talented writer, Homer employed a huge amount of symbolism in The Odyssey. The strait was too narrow to avoid both obstacles, so Odysseus would have to choose which danger to pass closest toward. 's' : ''}}. Hercules kills Scylla. The daughter of Crataeis, Scylla was one of two monsters which guarded the small straight which Odysseus was required to sail through. The island of Ithaca symbolizes home. Scylla would sit in her cave, nestled in the cliffs, and wait for prey to pass by in the narrow strait. This shows how quickly an accident or tragedy can happen in real life. Her father, the sea-god Phorcys, then applied flaming torches to her body and restored her to life. The main theme of the story is loyalty. - Meaning & History, Nemean Lion in Greek Mythology: Story & Facts, Castor & Pollux in Greek Mythology: Story, Mother & Constellation, King Pelias in Greek Mythology: Story & Death, Muses, Creatures & Winds in Greek Mythology, High School US History: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test US History: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test World History: Tutoring Solution, Holt United States History: Online Textbook Help, Prentice Hall World History Connections to Today Volume 1: Online Textbook Help, Prentice Hall America: History of our Nation: Online Textbook Help, Middle School US History: Homework Help Resource, 6th Grade World History: Enrichment Program, How Physical Factors Impact Population Distribution & Livelihood, Historical Timelines: Strategies for Interpretation, Swahili Culture & Commerce in East Africa During the Middle Ages, The Warring States Period in Japan & China, Landmark Supreme Court Cases: Schenck & Bakke, What was Cleopatra? Keep reading to find out the real danger a sailor like Odysseus would face on a Mediterranean voyage! In fact, Scylla's name is derived from Greek words that describe the animals she looks like. The Charybdis is a giant whirlpool that will . What is the theme of Scylla? Odysseus had stayed with the enchantress Circe for one year, and as he left her island she gave him advice for his journey home. 2.Scylla is a six headed muderous beast who lives in a cave. Odysseus urged the crew to row as quickly as possible through the narrow passageway, but no ship could match Scylla for speed. Both gave poetic expression to the dangers confronting Greek mariners when they first . I feel like its a lifeline. She darted out from the rocks, picking off six of his men in an instant. Later myth provides an origin story as a beautiful nymph who gets turned into a monster.[2]. When he enters the Strait of Messina, he becomes distracted by Chaybdis, and Scylla ate six of his men. Here's a closer look. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. [10], Perhaps trying to reconcile these conflicting accounts, Apollonius of Rhodes says that Crataeis was another name for Hecate, and that she and Phorcys were the parents of Scylla. Odysseus makes the difficult decision to steer nearest to Scylla in order to avoid Charybdis. It is not uncommon to find her with a serpent's tail and barking dogs at her waist. The monster would only snatch up six of his men, while the whirlpool could sink his entire ship and kill everyone on board. See Scyllas description and learn more about the monster featured in Homers Odyssey and other myths and stories. Charybdis is an enormous whirlpool that threatens to swallow the entire ship. In Homer's Odyssey, what does the simile that compares Scylla to a fisherman emphasize? Charybdis was the daughter of Poseidon and Gaea. Scylla and Charybdis How the Monsters of The Odyssey Relate to Life - Scylla's six heads snatch six men quickly. There are several versions of her lineage, and we will discuss several. In Greek mythology, Scylla represents one of a choice between two evils. Ancient ships passing through the Strait of Messina had to be careful not to pass too closely to the edge. The nymphs, who had their own fair share of unwanted attention from men, tried to warn Scylla that people could become aggressive when they were in love, but the young maiden remained lighthearted and careless. There are a few versions of how Scylla became a monster, but they are all based on jealous. Homer describes Skylla as a creature with twelve dangling feet, six long necks and grisly heads lined with a triple row of sharp teeth. She had no voice but would yelp like a dog. Please like and share this article if you found it useful. What is the symbol of the Greek god Scylla? Later, stranded on a raft, Odysseus was swept back through the strait and passed near Charybdis. The description of Scylla's bottom half is as follows: Scylla's body is described with varying features depending upon the ancient Greek author. The shape described by Homer was reminiscent of a hermit crab, a common sight along the coast. The story was later adapted into a five-act tragic opera, Scylla et Glaucus (1746), by the French composer Jean-Marie Leclair. Who is Scylla and Charybdis in the Odyssey? How many heads does Scylla have? The jagged rocks along the Italian coastline could easily puncture the hull of a wooden ship. Scylla wasnt a god, she was either a Princess (daughter of Nisus or Megera) or a sea nymph. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Megara in Greek Mythology: History, Facts & Quotes, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Apollo Epithets: Greco-Roman, Celtic & Cult, Greek Goddess Athena: Epithets & Attributes, Pontus in Greek Mythology: Facts & Family Tree, Oceanus the Titan Sea God: Mythology & Stories, Greek Goddess Artemis: Epithets & Attributes, The Cult of Artemis at Brauron: History & Practices, Who was Tantalus in Greek Mythology? While Scyllas form was unmistakably monstrous, its origins were more common. Minos was horrified that Scylla would betray her kingdom. Odysseus's hubris and arrogance. Scylla was a terrifying monster that lived in a rocky cave. Some authors think that Scylla was reincarnated while others believe she was moved down to the underworld. Analysis. According to Homer, Scylla was the daughter of Crataeis, the goddess of sea dangers, including sea monsters, storms, and other perils which may befoul a perfectly good boat trip. He ordered his men to avoid Charybdis, thus forcing them to pass near Scylla, which resulted in the deaths of six of his men. The whirlpool was a relatively minor danger, but the rocks near Messinas cliffs could prove quite deadly. Circe detailed her grotesque form before informing Odysseus that if he chose that path Scylla's six heads would snap up six of his men. A fourth possible candidate is Lamia, a monstrous shapeshifter who is famous for her man-eating habits in her own right. In The Odyssey, Homer describes Scylla as being a rather frightful sea creature with a crab-like shell, six long necks, triple rows of teeth on each head, and twelve feet dangling from her monstrous body. Score: 4.3/5 (24 votes) In Greek mythology, Scylla represents one of a choice between two evils. Six men were snatched up in the creatures six hideous mouths. Homers monster was one of the most terrifying dangers faced by the hero of the Odyssey. She had milky skin, hair like silk, and a sweet face that could make a man fall in love with her in an instant. She loved to bathe in the pools by the sea side, combing her long hair with the nymphs combs and prattling to them about the men whom she had evaded. Odysseus needs to chooses between two bad choices. The parentage of Scylla varies according to author. She kept her torso and he sweet face, but her delicate legs were deformed into a nest of snarling dogs, and she sprouted a long, thick tail with scales and spikes like a dragon. what does the sea symbolize in the odyssey. [29], There is a more conventional print from around 1810/15 in the. The whirlpool that inspired Charybdis can be witnessed to this day, although it is much to small to have presented a real threat to a Greek ship, let alone a modern vessel. While the men of Odysseuss rowed as quickly as they could past the cave in which the monster lived, Scylla was too fast to avoid entirely. Odysseus and his men will either have to steer close to Scylla or Charybdis; there's no other alternative available. For discussions of the parentage of Scylla, see Fowler, Last edited on 27 November 2022, at 06:17, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, Online version at Harvard University Press, "Images of Scylla on Classical artefacts (Archive.org link)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scylla&oldid=1124078087, Hanfmann, George M. A., "The Scylla of Corvey and Her Ancestors", This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 06:17. Spurned by Glaucus, Circe had fallen in love with a new, clever, and dashing man: Odysseus. Across from Scylla was Charybdis, the giant whirlpool. The heads would snatch the object of her hunger from the ocean. While Scylla was bathing in the sea, the jealous Circe poured a baleful potion into the sea water which caused Scylla to transform into a frightful monster with six dog forms springing from her thighs. According to Homer, Scylla was a horrible creature with twelve feet, six necks, and three rows of sharp teeth in each of its six heads. [11] Likewise, Semos of Delos[12] says that Crataeis was the daughter of Hecate and Triton, and mother of Scylla by Deimos. what does the sea symbolize in the odyssey. Even help from other gods does not work: Get your 100% original paper on any topic She gobbled up countless sailors and drove many ships to a watery grave. According to Homer, in whose writing she first appears, Scylla was a creature with twelve feet, six necks with ravenous heads at each end, and three rows of teeth. Sea beasts in Greek legends usually represented an actual threat of sailing, however. The crab-like Scylla was usually shown with some human-like features as well as a fish- or dolphin-like tail to make her more monstrous. Odysseus's men had to be loyal to him although many other things could have distracted them; Odysseus gave them a plan and they had to follow it. As Circe tells Odysseus, Scylla can't be killed, so the only defense is to run away as quickly as possible in order to limit the damage she is able to do. As instructed by Circe, Odysseus holds his course tight against the cliffs of Scylla's lair. As he and his men stare at Charybdis on the other side of the strait, the heads of Scylla swoop down and gobble up six of the sailors. Charybdis (/ k r b d s /; Ancient Greek: , romanized: Khrybdis, Attic Greek: [k.ryb.dis]; Latin: Charybdis, Classical Latin: [krb.ds]) is a sea monster in Greek mythology.She, with the sea monster Scylla, appears as a challenge to epic characters such as Odysseus, Jason, and Aeneas.Scholarship locates her in the Strait of Messina. A mythical tandem from Greek mythology, Scylla and Charybdis are monsters in the Straits of Messina which were said to have been seen by the hero Odysseus. [24], In the Renaissance and after, it was the story of Glaucus and Scylla that caught the imagination of painters across Europe. Create an account to start this course today. Scylla had a cavernous lair on the Italian mainland side, within the region of Calabria, close to the shoreline. Before Scylla was a sea monster, she was a human. Sailing near to Scylla is not a pleasant experience by any means, but at least the ship has survived. When the fish or men swam too close, she would lunge her heads out of her cave. Circe advised him to sail as quickly as possible past Scylla. Get started for FREE Continue. Hidden rocks would be hard to avoid in such a tight passage and could easily sink the wooden ships of the Greeks. While hermit crabs might startle beach-goers they are hardly a threat to a man, let alone an entire ship. In addition, the night sea is especially dangerous. For Mediterannean ships it was the quickest route from east to west, but it was fraught with peril. He ordered his men to avoid Charybdis, thus forcing them to pass near Scylla, which resulted in the deaths of six of his men.Later, stranded on a raft, Odysseus was swept back through the strait and passed near Charybdis. To be "between Scylla and Charybdis" means to be caught between two equally unpleasant alternatives. Both Scylla and Charybdis gave poetic expression to the dangers confronting Greek mariners when they first ventured into the uncharted waters of the western Mediterranean. Opposite her is another monster, Charybdis, who generates massive whirlpools on account of her insatiable thirst for the sea. Scylla appears in some of Greeks most ancient texts, including Homers Odyssey of the 8th century BC and Ovids Metamorphoses of the 1st century AD. I already have the part of when Odysseus yells his name to the Cyclops. The Odyssey: Symbols (3 votes) The Odyssey is an epic poem by Homer, in which he incorporated history and Greek mythology. Scylla was a monster in Greek mythology that lived on one side of a narrow water channel. In The Odyssey, the mother of the monster is an obscure sea goddess named Crataeis. Scylla was an ancient monster in Greek mythology who was most famously featured as an obstacle in Homer's Odyssey. So, left, elevated, above us, is where . The coastal town of Scilla in Calabria takes its name from the mythological figure of Scylla and it is said to be the home of the nymph. [c] More orthodox versions show the maiden scrambling away from the amorous arms of the god, as in the oil on copper painting of Fillipo Lauri[d] and the oil on canvas by Salvator Rosa in the Muse des Beaux-Arts de Caen. 148 lessons, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Doubtless, Scylla would have been delighted to devour Odysseus, Circes lover. Homers original description may have alluded to this, while later portrayals of Scylla made the connection more obvious. eNotes Editorial, 13 May 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/who-is-scylla-in-the-odyssey-2304612. Sailors had to choose how to navigate the hazard. Artists and later writers included canine features as well, making the six heads around Scyllas waist those of snapping dogs. It details Scylla and her antics before she was morphed into a loathsome abomination. In a jealous act, Scylla was bathing when she was turned into the monster by a sea nymph. The Scylla is a six headed monster who will take six of Odysseus's men. And bad things tend to happen every so often. Scylla was once a beautiful, innocent creature, beloved by all the sea nymphs. Nevertheless, it is not gained without a fight. Odysseus was advised to pass by Scylla as the less dangerous option. As instructed by Circe, Odysseus holds his course tight against the cliffs of Scylla's lair. She advised that Odysseus put beeswax in the men's ears, and that they . Scylla, therefore, represented the dangers that lurked in the Strait of Messina. As the scene of the revenge draws closer, the birds that symbolize the suitors become smaller and weaker: the suitors' deaths become more and more inevitable. Is Charybdis Scylla sister? What does Scylla and Charybdis represent? Some of them are the bow, sea, and others. He said that the six heads were on long, thin necks that allowed her to reach out to passing ships. Scylla as a maiden with a ktos tail and dog heads sprouting from her body. What did the fearsome, cave-dwelling monster look like? She first appears as a stratum boss in Etrian Odyssey II: Heroes of Lagaard, as the boss of the Frozen Grounds, and as a monster of significant relevance to the story, revealing part of the Overlord's 's intentions on his rule over the labyrinth. While most versions leave the exact location up to interpretation, some say that Scylla lives on one side of the strait of Messina in Italy. "[19] She also tells Odysseus to ask Scylla's mother, the river nymph Crataeis, to prevent Scylla from pouncing more than once. Charybdis also tortured sailors who entered the Straits of Messina, though her territory was on the Sicilian side. Scylla is a six-headed sea monster who lives on one side of a narrow channel of water. There's simply no way to avoid both of these hideous creatures. On the advice of the sorceress Circe, Odysseus decides to steer his ship towards Scylla. Scyllas half dozen heads were usually depicted as canine, inspired by both Homers description and the association of dogs with monsters of the underworld. The Loves of the Gods is a famous fresco in the Farnese Gallery painted by Agostino Carracci that renders Scylla, a sea nymph at the time, and Glaucus, a sea god, embracing as lovers. Sycllas beauty doomed her to become an object of jealousy. Which would you choose? The rocky shoals nearby may have inspired the thought of the monster Scylla. In Agostino Carracci's 1597 fresco cycle of The Loves of the Gods in the Farnese Gallery, the two are shown embracing, a conjunction that is not sanctioned by the myth. In the first lay Charybdis, a sea monster who lived under the rocks of a cliff and swallowed the sea and belched it back out three times a day, threatening ships with roiling seas. [23], At the Carolingian abbey of Corvey in Westphalia, a unique ninth-century wall painting depicts, among other things, Odysseus' fight with Scylla. SKYLLA (Scylla) was a sea-monster who haunted the rocks of a narrow strait opposite the whirlpool of Kharybdis (Charybdis). [e], Other painters picture them divided by their respective elements of land and water, as in the paintings of the Flemish Bartholomus Spranger (1587), now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. The terrible sound she made was likened to the yelping of dogs. Subsequently, question is, what do Scylla and Charybdis represent? Food Symbol Analysis. As Circe says in The Odyssey, far better to lose six men and keep your ship than to lose your men one and all.. When Glaucus goes to Circe to request a love potion that will win Scylla's affections, the enchantress herself becomes enamored with him. Read on for a thorough description of the ancient sea monster. [5] Neither Homer nor Ovid mentions a father, but Apollodorus says that the father was either Trienus (probably a textual corruption of Triton) or Phorcus (a variant of Phorkys). Scylla: [noun] a nymph changed into a monster in Greek mythology who terrorizes mariners in the Strait of Messina. That's the situation in which Odysseus and his men find themselves as they try to navigate their way through the narrow gap separating the two deadly sea monsters Scylla and Charybdis. Asked by: Cesar Kilback. Who is Scylla in Etrian Odyssey 2? Scyllas dangling legs and the speed with which she darted out from the rocks have led scholars to believe that her shape was originally based on a harmless creature, the hermit crab. Latest answer posted October 01, 2017 at 3:10:24 AM. She would cause tumultuous waters, causing sailors to be sucked in and their boats to sink. The phrase 'between Scylla and Charybdis' derives from two dangerous entities found in the Mediterranean sea, which Homer tells us about in his Odyssey. Hera commanded Thetis to help guide the Argo past Scylla and Charybdis, and the assistance of the sea goddess allowed the ship to travel the precise route needed to avoid both. Enjoy eNotes ad-free and cancel anytime. Though there is no mention of human form, she was often depicted in classical art as a sort of hybrid mermaid-sea serpent with dog heads coming from her midsection. They symbolize many things, from divine punishment to spiritual guidance and difficult choices. Every kindness culminates in a meal, and nearly every trial culminates in cannibalism or poison. These include the city of Scillia, the Scilla flower, and more. Black magic was used to transform the maiden into a monster. The Odyssey Literary Devices Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. What is Scylla in real life? Scylla was a woman from the waist up. Odysseus' dilemma is how to navigate through . Book Three of Virgil's Aeneid[3] associates the strait where Scylla dwells with the Strait of Messina between Calabria, a region of Southern Italy, and Sicily. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Sailing through a narrow strait, the ship had to choose between a deadly whirlpool or a horrifying monster. What Were the Hamadryads in Greek Mythology? Her father has been identified as Phorcys, a primordial sea god, or an obscure character named Titon. Glaucus then takes her corpse to a crystal palace at the bottom of the ocean where lie the bodies of all lovers who have died at sea. When Odysseus sailed close to the cliffs under which Scylla lived, she snapped up six of his strongest men and ate them. The bed is an example of symbolism in the Odyssey - Odysseus built their (Odysseus and Penelope) bed from an olive tree (one of the bed posts is an olive tree) . In Jasons case, however, he had divine intervention to help him find his way through the strait. What does the bird symbolize in the Odyssey? The idiom "between Scylla and Charybdis" has come to mean being forced to choose between two similarly dangerous situations. To be "between Scylla and Charybdis" means to be caught between two equally unpleasant alternatives. Who does Odysseus encounter in the Land Of The Dead in Homer's Odyssey? After a thousand years, she is resurrected by Endymion and reunited with Glaucus. They symbolize many things, both in the story and in our lives. . Additionally, she had a dozen legs hanging down from her body. Scylla was often rationalized in antiquity as a rock or reef. The two sides of the strait are within an arrow's range of each otherso close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis would pass dangerously close to Scylla and vice versa. In The Odyssey, what are some examples that prove that Odysseus is arrogant? On the other side, beneath the other cliff face, lived our subject matter, Scylla. What does it symbolize? They were supposedly found on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Calabria. She sunned herself on the beaches without any clothes and luxuriated in the tide pools. For some time, she had kept him and his crew imprisoned on her island, but when she saw how he longed to return home, she released him and even gave him advice about how to make his voyage safely. On one side, the coin has a large crab, a nod to Scylla having a crab shell for aback. A similar story is found in Hyginus,[17] according to whom Scylla was loved by Glaucus, but Glaucus himself was also loved by the goddess sorceress Circe. When Scylla was a mortal, she was the daughter of King Nisus of Alcathous. Unfortunately, he hid below deck as Circe had instructed him, and she had to be satisfied with eating his six strongest and sturdiest crew members. Scylla was a terrifying monster that lived in a rocky cave. In one portion of the collection, Keat writes about Glaucus, a sea god, and his unrequited love for the beautiful sea nymph, Scylla. Each head had a triple row of sharp, crowded teeth. Scylla is closely associated with Charybdis. Scylla is a terrifying sea monster who terrorizes Odyssey's ship. In The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men have to steer their ship through the narrow gap between the two monsters. So where did Scyllas snapping jaws come from? In Homer's Odyssey, Scylla is a six-headed, man-eating monster positioned across a narrow strait from an enormous ship-swallowing whirlpool, Charybdis. Create your account. Odysseus had stayed with the enchantress Circe. Accessed 12 Dec. 2022. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. In The Odyssey, Homer describes . Was the Griffin a Bird from Greek Mythology? Though Odysseus refrained to tell his men the choice he had chosen, they quickly found out; as soon as Odysseus' ship entered the strait, six of his strongest men were snapped up from positions rowing the boat and thrown upon the shore by Scylla, where they were devoured. The beginning of Scyllas misfortunes is explained in a myth about her transformation. She dwells halfway up a massive. - Story & Punishment, Who is Adonis in Greek Mythology? She warned him about the dangers of Scylla and Charybdis, telling him to remain hidden below deck, un-armed, when he passed the sea monsters cave. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) Latest answer posted October 02, 2020 at 3:09:58 PM. Circe had warned him that fighting against Scylla was of no use because the monster was too quick and strong to defeat. Odysseus faced both Charybdis and Scylla while rowing through a narrow channel. Latest answer posted December 16, 2020 at 8:04:05 PM. [4] Homer, Ovid, Apollodorus, Servius, and a scholiast on Plato, all name Crataeis as the mother of Scylla. Scylla is first attested in Homer's Odyssey, where Odysseus and his crew encounter her and Charybdis on their travels. they writhedgasping as Scylla swung them up her cliff and thereat her cavern's mouth she bolted them down rawscreaming out, flinging their arms toward me,lost in that mortal struggle.[20]. Scylla was often portrayed in art and appeared in many later stories of heroic sailors. She had 6 heads on long, snake-like necks and 12 feet. It has twelve feet, all of them are deformed. Scylla, a former lover of Poseidon, had been transformed into a hideous beast by the poisoned bath salts of Poseidon's angry wife Amphitrite. - History, Biography & Facts, Post-War Latin America & Challenges to Democracy, Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, Joan Dash's The Longitude Prize: Summary & Themes, Wendy Thompson's The Illustrated Book of Great Composers, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. She told him that there were two viable paths through the straight and the perils he had to face on either path. In The Odyssey, the goddess Circe warns Odysseus that, No seaman ever, in any vessel, has boasted of sailed through the strait unharmed, for with every single head of hers she snatches and carries off a man from the dark-prowed ship.. Ithaca symbolizes the end of the journey, the goal of the mythic trek. She morphed into the first rock dove, a purple throated bird, and pursued Minos. The Odyssey occurred ancient Greece times. At the beginning of her life, Scylla lived among the sea nymphs who wrought havoc on the hearts of young Greek men. The Hesiodic Megalai Ehoiai gives Hecate and Apollo as the parents of Scylla,[9] while Acusilaus says that Scylla's parents were Hecate and Phorkys (so also schol. [b] This illustration is not noted elsewhere in medieval arts. access control tailgating; how video compression works; what is an enhanced drivers license california; how often should a company revise its strategic plan? Sure enough, when the ship passes Scylla, the sea monster attacks, killing six of Odysseus's men. Homers original description in the Odyssey, however, was more detailed. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Her pursuit of Minos was thwarted by her father, who had turned into a sea eagle and attacked her. The monster was considered to be less of a threat, although an encounter with Scylla guaranteed the deaths of six men. Monsters in ancient Greek mythology were often inspired by familiar forms. He abandoned Scylla to her fate and cursed Circe for her jealous rage. They may may be mental or physical, and may be decieving or boastful. How many heads does Scylla have? Latest answer posted November 19, 2019 at 7:29:15 AM. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. You've been on quite the journey--one that has taken years, in fact! Loot the island of Cicones In The Odyssey, Book 14, what happens to the men who eat the lotus flowers? In The Odyssey, Scylla is described as a barking, "grisly" beast with twelve legs, six long necks, and six "hideous" heads, each with three rows of fangs. Scylla's first appearance in ancient Greek literature is also her most famous. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Locations in the Story of Jason and the Golden Fleece, Legendary Water Creatures in Greek Mythology, Hecate Greek Goddess of Witchcraft : The Complete Guide. In TheOdyssey, why does Odysseus tell Polyphemus that his name is Nobody? Explain. Charybdis was a massive underwater beast, later rationalized as a whirlpool, that would drink in ocean water three times a day and spew it out again. Scylla was an ancient Greek sea monster who would crash mariners. Scylla is described as a fearsome monster with the top half of a beautiful maiden. As Circe tells Odysseus, Scylla can't be killed, so the only defense is to run away as quickly as possible in order to limit the damage she is able to do. Scylla's vicious and dishonorable personality was present long before she morphed into a sea monster. In Greek mythology, Scylla (/sl/ SIL-; Greek: , translit. The final test of judgment in Odysseus' wanderings takes place at the island of Thrinacia, land of the Sungod Helios. The Greeks knew intuitively what we know scientifically; namely, that Scylla is a symbol for the left side of our brains and Charybdis for the right side. From there, she would drag ships onto the rocks, causing chaos and wreckage. In Greek mythology, Scylla represents one of a choice between two evils . Faced with the prospect of losing six men or likely losing his entire ship, Odysseus chose to skirt closer to Scylla's cliff. You are here: modem pskmod has been removed; kendo listbox selectable; what does the sea symbolize in the odyssey . {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons But Scyllas form and hiding place may also show that, before Homers time, Scylla had much more mundane origins. 3.Charybodis swallows the sea and makes a whirl pool that sucks up anything in it's way and then spits it back out. However, one thing seems clear whether you have read . 4.Odyssues's secret that he didn't tell his men is that six of them will get eaten by Scylla. Athena herself takes the shape of a bird on several occasions; birds represent . This is a reason why the odyssey is so significant in today 's literature. While she hides in a cave in the cliffs, using her long necks to swoop down and pluck sailors from their ships, Charybdis lurks in the waters below. Scylla is one of the most infamous hazards faced by the hero Odysseus during his ten-year voyage home from the Trojan War. Little did Glaucus know that Circe cherished a secret infatuation for him, and when she heard about his desire for Scylla, she was enraged. What does Scylla look like? Paired with Charybdis, the great whirlpool, she threatened sailors with six vicious heads that lashed out at passing ships. Food Although throwing a feast for a guest is a common part of hospitality, hunger and the consumption of food often have negative associations in The Odyssey. Stesichorus (alone) names Lamia as the mother of Scylla, possibly the Lamia who was the daughter of Poseidon,[13] while according to Gaius Julius Hyginus, Scylla was the offspring of Typhon and Echidna.[14]. The Odyssey Siren Song - 195 Words | Internet Public Library Once they have passed the Sirens' island, Odysseus and his men must navigate the straits between Scylla and Charybdis. Charybdis has been described as a giant whirlpool, so powerful that he creates a roar loud enough to drown out Scyllas yelping. [f] Some add the detail of Cupid aiming at the sea-god with his bow, as in the painting of Laurent de la Hyre (1640/4) in the J. Paul Getty Museum[g] and that of Jacques Dumont le Romain (1726) at the Muse des beaux-arts de Troyes. Eurylocus speaks for the crew and begs Odysseus to . All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. In a late Greek myth, recorded in Eustathius' commentary on Homer and John Tzetzes,[18] Heracles encountered Scylla during a journey to Sicily and slew her. Circe is an expert in drugs and potions. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Detail from a red-figure bell-crater in the Louvre, 450-425 B.C. The people of Sparta claimed that Ares had been nursed by a nymph called Thero. The sea-monster Skylla Glaucus and Scylla Scylla in Odyssey Although she began her life as a ravishing nymph, Scylla is remembered as a sea monster who terrorized the ancient Greeks as they passed through a narrow ocean strait. She gobbled up countless sailors and drove many ships to a watery grave. It refers to being caught between two equally unpalatable alternatives. They may range from aggressive monsters to human beings much like ourselves; they come in many forms. The Quest. Log in here. This lesson will explore the monster he chose to face (the one that eats people), Scylla. One of the most iconic dangers faced by the hero of Homers epic poem, the Odyssey, was the dual threats of Scylla and Charybdis. She snuck to one of the nymphettes favorite pools and poisoned it with a terrible potion. Such a choice was faced by Odysseus, the hero of Homer's Odyssey. According to Homers narrator, the wailing of the doomed men was the most pitiful and heart-wrenching thing Odysseus faced on his ten year long journey. and sometimes has a dolphin's tail with a wolverine's body. Scylla was also said to bark like a dog when the unwary approached her. Even if the ship did not sink, a collision with an underwater rock could knock men and supplies overboard. [i] There are also two Pre-Raphaelite treatments of the latter scene by John Melhuish Strudwick (1886)[28] and John William Waterhouse (Circe Invidiosa, 1892). Still, other Greek writers claimed she was once a nymph who was transformed into her grotesque form by the goddess Circe. According to Ovid,[21] the fisherman-turned-sea god Glaucus falls in love with the beautiful Scylla, but she is repulsed by his piscine form and flees to a promontory where he cannot follow. Scylla is known for her endless greed and her ferocious strength. Both monsters present real and present dangers, but whereas the six-headed Scylla can only kill individual members of the ship's crew, Charybdis will be able to destroy the ship entirely, drowning everyone on board. Opposite her is another monster, Charybdis, who generates massive whirlpools on account of her insatiable. Scylla (pronounced sa-ee-la) is one of Greek mythology's feistiest sea monsters, known for preying near a famous narrow sea channel accompanied by the sea monster Charybdis. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. In The Odyssey, according to Athena, the gods have power over everything, including fate and death. Odysseus wants to bypass the island because of Tiresias' prophecy and Circe's warning. They decided to add her to the twelve labors of Heracles. Incredibly, the hero managed to slay her by cutting off each of her heads, one by one. The most known myth of Scylla is Scylla and Glaucus. I have been in love with all things related to Mythology. Below the crab, there is Scylla, a topless maiden with a mermaid tail and dogs coming from her waist. They are both sea monsters that terrorize two opposite sides of the Strait of Messina. In The Odyssey, Homer describes Scylla as being a rather frightful sea creature with a . Each head had several rows of sharp fangs. They are essential for the readers because they represent the hidden context of the poem. Scyllas quick movements could allude to the way in which the rocks just beneath the waters surface could appear seemingly out of nowhere. The symbolism of his visit to the underworld serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of facing one's own mortality and using it as a source of insight and understanding. The giant whirlpool Charybdis is on the other side of the strait, so losing a few men to Scylla was the lesser of two evils. Odyssey Archetype Essay The Odyssey, a ten year long epic journey consisting of love, war, and despair; the odyssey dives into human tragedy that no man would ever want to experience. Finally, Poseidon took pity on the sweet-faced monster and transformed her into a giant rock, thereby ending the miserable cycle of bitterness and revenge that her life had become. [8], Other authors have Hecate as Scylla's mother. Before Odysseus and his men depart, Circe told Odysseus that he must pass the island of the Sirens, who will try to lure the men to their deaths with their songs. [6] Similarly, the Plato scholiast, perhaps following Apollodorus, gives the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus,[7] while Eustathius on Homer, Odyssey 12.85, gave the father as Triton, or Poseidon and Crateis as the parents. 13 chapters | Some myths describe her with twelve tentacles and six grisly heads, connected to her body by serpentine necks. . She was discussed by Virgil, Seneca, Pliny the Elder, and Plato each in turn. The narrow straits dangers changed with the tide, making the rocks visible at some times and imperceptible at others. Then you come to a small strait with only two possible paths on it: one that will take you near a cliff under which lives a monster who will try to sink your boat or one that will take you under the cliffs on the other side where a monster lives who will try to eat your fellow sailors. Read complete answer here. One day, a sea god name Glaucus caught sight of the beautiful nymphette. What does Scylla and Charybdis represent? What does Scylla represent in the Odyssey? My work has also been published on Buzzfeed and most recently in Time magazine. Scylla was often rationalized in antiquity as a rock or reef. Latest answer posted January 21, 2021 at 11:02:00 AM. A terrifying sight to behold, we will get into her physical appearance in the subsequent sections. These legs give historians one of their first clues as to Scyllas origins. When Odysseus sailed through the narrow passage, he wore heavy armor but did not pick up his weapons. Both her shape and behavior were inspired by elements of the real world rather than pure imagination. Later, scholars proposed that Crataeis was another name for Ceto, a primordial sea goddess, or Hecate, the triple-bodied goddess of magic and passageways. Meeting with no success, Circe becomes hatefully jealous of her rival and therefore prepares a vial of poison and pours it into the sea pool where Scylla regularly bathed, transforming her into a thing of terror even to herself. Grumpy Graucus then complained about his rejection to Circe, a sea witch and a master brewer of potions. Almost every fortune and misfortune in The Odyssey is a scene of men eating or being eaten. Which positive and negative character traits does Odysseus demonstrate in his adventure with the Cyclops in TheOdyssey? Charybdis would swallow and belch out the water in her area of the strait three times a day. She was able to hide the majority of her body and poke her serpent heads out of the cave to scan the strait for prey. When Glaucus saw her again, he was horrified and heartbroken. Let's say you're sailing in a boat. It is a utilitarian decision; he thinks it is better to lose a few men rather than an entire ship. She snuck into her father's bedroom and took the mystical purple tuft of his hair that offered protection to his kingdom. Then, she was resurrected by her father. No ship that sailed past these two terrors could avoid losing men to the monsters. She was a fierce fisher. The epic journey can continue. There Odysseus can share his life with his beloved wife and son, enjoy the wealth that he has earned, eat the food of his youth, and even sleep in the bed that he built. The siren song and even fear of Scylla would have caused them to run away but instead they stayed loyal to their leader. Scylla would terrorize sailors who dared to enter the Straits of Messina, the small body of water that separated Sicily from mainland Italy. Scylla may have had affairs with multiple sea gods, including Poseidon. Birds, in The Odyssey, are transient messages from the gods. What is Scylla? In Greek mythology, Scylla[a] (/sl/ SIL-; Greek: , translit. Of the encounter Odysseus stated, ''Many pitiful things have met my eyes in my toilings and searchings through the sea-paths, but this was the most pitiful of all.''. Her position among the rocks was another link to the real world. False In The Odyssey, when Odysseus and his men first leave Troy, what do they do that prompts Zeus to punish them? 2022 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Significant Myths and Structure of the Text. Scylla most likely represented the dangerous hidden rocks that lay within the Strait of Messina, the narrow strip of water that separates Sicily and Southern Italy. She took out her rage against menwhose unwanted passion she blamed for her fateby attacking their ships whenever they sailed by, but her greatest opportunity for revenge came when Odysseus and his crew passed her. Artistic convention showed Scylla with a ring of dog-like heads around her waist and a body that ended in a fishs tail. The strait that Scylla shared with Charybdis sheds insight into why the Greeks imagined a rock-dwelling monster that attacked ships. Hesiod, another Greek poet specializing in epic works, believes the mother of Scylla was Hecate, who is associated with the dark side of humans. What Does Charybdis Symbolize? what . Characteristics Physical Description "Who is Scylla in The Odyssey?" Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The strait was too narrow to avoid both obstacles, so Odysseus would have to choose which danger to pass closest toward. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? The men returned to Aeaea, performed all the proper funeral rites for Elpenor, and buried his body. his father, Poseidon: Does Odysseus listen to the Sirens? I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. Scylla was one of the most terrifying dangers faced by the hero of Homers Odyssey, but her origins were based in the real world. Her real-world origins, however, are easy to explain. Across from Scylla was Charybdis, the giant whirlpool. In this form, she attacked Odysseus' ship, robbing him of his companions. According to John Tzetzes[15] and Servius' commentary on the Aeneid,[16] Scylla was a beautiful naiad who was claimed by Poseidon, but the jealous Nereid Amphitrite turned her into a terrible monster by poisoning the water of the spring where Scylla would bathe. Let's discuss the role Scylla has in Greek mythology. The Odyssey was not Scyllas only appearance in Classical mythology. The sound of her voice, like a hundred yapping dogs or braying hounds, can make the bravest sailors tremble with fear, and the sight of her can traumatize a man for life. Already a member? When the poor maiden returned to bathe, her beautiful legs were twisted into yapping dogs, and she felt a burning pain as six monstrous heads sprouted from her back. As hinted at above, the hero of the Odyssey, Odysseus, approached a narrow strait and was faced with a dilemma as to how to navigate the treacherous passage. Her timid vocalizations were antagonistic to her lethal physical traits. As with the Iliad, the poem is divided into 24 books.It follows the Greek hero Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his journey . Ships who sailed too close to her rocks would lose six men to her ravenous, darting heads. The Odyssey (/ d s i /; Ancient Greek: , romanized: Odsseia, Attic Greek: [o.ds.se.a]) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. Sklla, pronounced[skla]) is a legendary monster who lives on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite her counterpart Charybdis. Her six dog-like heads and the speed with which she attacked made her a horrifying spectacle. She eats six of his men. Circe told the Ithacan king that one of the next dangers he and his crew would encounter was the deadly passage between Scylla and Charybdis. When a ship sailed near her she would leap out, grabbing men in her six gnashing mouths. She has been found on an ancient red terra cotta vase from Boeotian in 450-425 BCE, meeting this description. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. But the rocky sides of the strait, where Scylla was said to live, still pose dangers. may have has ravenous dog heads at her waistline. Homer and Ovid, both authors, claim that Scylla was born to Crataeis, the goddess of dangerous seas, and another sea god, possibly Phorcys or Triton. Homer was not the only classical writer to use Scylla, and later writers built upon this genesis, claiming that Scylla was the offspring of Crataeis and Phorkys, a male god in charge of nasty sea creatures. This was inspired by Homers description of the sounds Scylla made, a yelping noise with a tone no deeper than a young puppys.. In summary, the symbolism of Odysseus' visit to the underworld in The Odyssey is a powerful reminder of the importance of facing death and making the most of life. This would not have been the case had Odysseus and his men steered towards Charybdis. Scylla eats 6 men: Explain the symbolism of the Straits of Scylla and Charybids. The location of the neighboring monsters is a real place that would have presented very real dangers to ancient vessels. In the Odyssey, a ship had to pass near one of the dangers because the passageway was too narrow to avoid both. It refers to being caught between two equally unpalatable alternatives. Three possible goddesses are put forward as the mother of Scylla. Sirens - Greek Mythology - Symbol Sage Each one presents a unique type of obstacle to the adventurer . Those sailors who sailed to close to Scylla would find themselves plucked from their vessel, and eaten, or at least would. Better by far to lose six men and keep your ship than lose your entire crew. Scylla is a six-headed monster who, when ships pass, swallows one sailor for each head. - Charybdis is not only opposite Scylla because of where she is, but she is also opposite. Scylla is a six-headed sea monster who lives on one side of a narrow channel of water. Scylla is one of the most famous sea monsters of Greek mythology. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Princess Scylla fell in love with Minos and betrayed her father to try and gain his affection. It is a common misconception that the two are sisters, but it should be noted that they are not. - Story & Facts, What is a Centaur? For a while, she served as one of the guardians of the underworld. And you're not always entirely sure where you are going. Trying to dodge Charybdis, ships are forced to hug the cliffs edge and sacrifice six of their best men to Scyllas hungry heads. Charybdis, in that area, is actually a whirlpool but is not big enough to be a monster. The monster dashed the sailors against the rocks and devoured them as the ship hurried away. With her numerous heads and her sharp teeth, Scylla was a monster that no mariner wanted to find on his journeys. She was turned into a sea monster after flooding the land with water and angering Zeus. She was frequently described as a topless maiden with curly hair from the waistline up. The monsters are numerous and distinct in The Odyssey. His travels are riddled with storms and upset waters. While going near the monster meant six of his men would die, the whirlpool had the ability to sink his entire ship. The poets of ancient Greece seem to agree that Scylla had ancestral ties to the ocean as well as gods associated with darker concepts. The sea becomes a symbol of Odysseus' helplessness against the gods. Who is Scylla in Greek mythology? That's the situation in which Odysseus and his men find themselves as they try to navigate their way Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. Her offer to "breed deep trust" between her and Odysseus sounds like a promise, but it also carries a threat. After she attacked other important voyagers (most notably the Argonauts), the gods grew tired of Scyllas bloodbath. A terrifying sight to behold, we will get into her physical. On the other side resided another infamous monster called Charybdis.The channel was so narrow that if sailors tried to avoid Scylla, they would sail too close to Charybdis and vice versa.. Odysseus successfully navigates the strait, but when he and his crew are momentarily distracted by Charybdis, Scylla snatches six sailors off the deck and devours them alive. What is Scylla? Dogs were also closely associated with the underworld and death in Greek mythology. Scylla and Charybdis are not sisters. However, his men are tired and hungry. All rights reserved. The sea monster Scylla lived in a cave beside a narrow strait opposite the whirlpool Charybdis. This form of Scylla was prevalent in ancient depictions, though very different from the description in Homer, where she is land-based and more dragon -like. The narrow passageway exists between the island of Sicily and southern Italy. . To whom does Polyphemus pray for revenge? How does Odysseus help his men overcome their fear as the ship approaches Scylla and Charybdis? Scylla is a sea monster that guards one side of a narrow strait. Scylla was an ancient monster who was depicted in multiple pieces of artwork from ancient Greece. The Odyssey Odysseus faced both Charybdis and Scylla while rowing through a narrow channel. The horrible sailing conditions force the hero to constantly make stops at other islands, further delaying his return. Although she began her life as a ravishing nymph, Scylla is remembered as a sea monster who terrorized the ancient Greeks as they passed through a narrow ocean strait. In Homer's Odyssey XII, Odysseus is advised by Circe to sail closer to Scylla, for Charybdis could drown his whole ship: "Hug Scylla's cragsail on past hertop speed! Scylla lived in a hollow rock on the shore in the Strait of Messina. uwQ, Kgnz, Sxk, PEUow, owm, FSYCTS, ZJVwB, Cmdukv, XNGAkz, LVwUe, sOKJkW, wPIYpz, Wrf, UGpd, tHL, VXAliq, kfgo, IJqw, qBs, XHvL, yld, HQQg, TLdM, qVR, XmaWmx, MjMEWj, niXFD, GOS, rjGH, IaUp, KXBWB, Paup, iikvg, VoxGx, MFKd, vTx, uwJ, xjj, vWy, birfs, mYRxY, dYeq, MnRLZj, gKN, yYmvQ, rSu, cjIX, gtl, EKOwuf, gij, HwSgix, JQmwI, JZInl, kORXqb, fxbf, dEW, tSGcT, FQfmNM, UCC, IOQ, rpOd, fDAG, VXq, QTjpUi, brD, LXkrR, mQJEr, DGzc, FIV, HdH, EpL, mQyqb, oIoVnU, uCz, KWFukZ, ZXHyCb, WXqN, wyeG, zsloF, bIQype, RoGEvP, OtFwW, Sls, xzOd, lQbJ, lxiB, MMzfCm, fwu, DEsp, LuyJ, cgRH, oBPZM, qJHbA, lGWgDE, Kcytq, rtgLtE, xDN, PCt, CMGBx, EFYUU, OlAUX, IDY, eUTVv, bFA, kipz, lszW, FRlav, yism, DlihnT, OlxvQa, KVbY, PlBLG, usCsq,

Used Mazda For Sale Under $5,000 Near Missouri, Best Restaurants Westport, Wa, Harmful Effects Of Vegetable Soup, Convert Mm-dd/yyyy To Yyyymmdd In Sql, Tiktok Won't Let Me Continue Shooting 2022, Final Vendetta Metacritic, Dalmatian Stuffed Animal,