09 December 2022. WebBrowse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. The Arab conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as the Indus River Overview of Iran's shift towards Islam and Islamic culture, Persian policies after the Islamic conquest, Iranian influence on Islamic culture and civilization, The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir, Nasr, Hoseyn; Islam and the plight of modern man. Most medieval Islamic mathematicians wrote in Arabic, others in Persian. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey.The region is bounded by the Turkish Straits to the northwest, the Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highlands to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the The caliphs adopted many Sassanid administrative practices, such as coinage, the office of vizier, or minister, and the divan, a bureaucracy for collecting taxes and giving state stipends. WebIslamic arts, literary, performing, and visual arts of the vast populations of the Islamic world from the 7th century onward. 31115, 2714 [Arabic]; R.N. WebIranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian: , Memri e Irni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. Although Persians adopted the religion of their conquerors, over the centuries they worked to protect and revive their distinctive language and culture, a process known as Persianization. He challenged Galen's work on several fronts, including the treatment of bloodletting, arguing that it was effective. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. The Arab conquest of Spain and the push of Arab armies as far as the Indus River [23] Some rulers, such as Hajjaj ibn Yusuf even went as far as viewing the Mawali as "barbarians", implementing harsh policies such as branding to keep the subjects in check.[24]. The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC. The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. Avempace (Ibn Bjja) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) commented on and criticised On the Parts of Animals and Generation of Animals. [3], Accounts of violent suppression of Persian culture under the Umayyads emerge two or three centuries after their fall, in the writings of Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani[4] and Ab Rayn al-Brn.[5]. It was founded as a mosque by the Fatimid commander Jawhar al-Siqilli at the orders of During the 12th century the Byzantines provided their model of early humanism as a renaissance of interest in classical authors. This situation continued in the cities as long as the Persians and Persian countries, Iraq, Khorasan, and Transoxiana (modern Central Asia), retained their sedentary culture.". Succeeding the Ghurids was the Delhi During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, much of the Greek and non-Greek astronomers working in the Greek tradition studied at the Musaeum and the Library of Alexandria in Ptolemaic Egypt. The foundation stone was laid in March 1913 for a monument built [24] Al-Idrisi (11001166) drew a map of the world for Roger, the Norman King of Sicily (ruled 1105-1154). WebIranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian: , Memri e Irni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Ancient Greek medicine revolved around the theory of humours. The last volume, on surgery, describes surgical instruments, supplies, and pioneering procedures. Appended is an extract from Kitab al-kashf`an manahij al-adilla. The most important centre of learning during this period was Alexandria in Egypt, which attracted scholars from across the Hellenistic world, mostly Greek and Egyptian, but also Jewish, Persian, Phoenician scholars.[3]. Sabur Ibn Sahl (died 869) was the first physician to describe a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. WebThe ruins of the Yuan capital of Khanbaliq under the Forbidden City were reported to be both distinct from previous styles and to influence later architecture. 40% in the mid 9th century to close to 80% by the end of the 11th century.[7]. Even the latter offered instruction in the ancient classics, and included literary, philosophical, and scientific texts in its curriculum. Adherents of Islam and those living in Islamic settings have created such an immense variety of literatures, performing arts, visual arts, and music that it virtually defies any comprehensive definition. Frye (p.91), Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang, "Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services", International Journal of Middle East Studies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Iran&oldid=1124937175, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Articles needing examples from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Hellenistic period began in the 4th century BC with Alexander the Great's conquest of the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, and parts of India, leading to the spread of the Greek language and culture across these areas. [21], The spread of Islam across Western Asia and North Africa encouraged an unprecedented growth in trade and travel by land and sea as far away as Southeast Asia, China, much of Africa, Scandinavia and even Iceland. Early in the Abbasid caliphate (founded 750), soon after the foundation of Baghdad in 762, some mathematical knowledge was assimilated by al-Mansur's group of scientists from the pre-Islamic Persian tradition in astronomy. It is a 30-volume set mainly discussing medical symptoms, treatments, and pharmacology. Adherents of Islam and those living in Islamic settings have created such an immense variety of literatures, performing arts, visual arts, and music that it virtually defies any comprehensive definition. WebThe Islamization of Iran occurred as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia in 633654 AD. For example, he described trees which grew birds on their twigs in place of leaves, but which could only be found in the far-distant British Isles. For example, the Arabs translated Opisthen ( "after" or "following"Greek) or Opiso ( "to follow after" Greek), one of the original Greek names for the brightest star in Taurus, as Aldebaran (), which means "the Follower" in Arabic, because the star always follows behind the Pleiades as both move across the sky. WebThe ruins of the Yuan capital of Khanbaliq under the Forbidden City were reported to be both distinct from previous styles and to influence later architecture. It involved observing the height of a mountain at Nandana (now in Pakistan). The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. [16] Citing as its basis Islamic notions of equality of races and nations, the movement was primarily concerned with preserving Persian culture and protecting Persian identity, though within a Muslim context. WebAs the world of education changes, Gale continues to adapt to the needs of customers and users. Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Umayyads of Crdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids in Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258. 2ND Ibn Rushd (Averros) (1126-1198 CE), from Enc. WebRoman and Byzantine styles were particularly prevalent in early Islamic architecture. In the East it exerted a profound influence on early Islamic architecture, During the Umayyad Caliphate era (661-750), as far as the Greek impact on early Islamic architecture is concerned, the Greek artistic heritage formed a fundamental source to the new Islamic art, especially in Syria and Palestine. The former Christian Brit. [2] The Abbasid caliphate was followed by the Ottoman Empire (c. 12991922), centred in Turkey, and the Safavid Empire (15011736), centred in Persia, where work in the arts and sciences continued. WebAmericas race-obsessed elites have declared war on British institutions. WebLatest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. Some texts contain practical geometrical rules for surveying and for measuring figures. Islamic scientific achievements encompassed It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey.The region is bounded by the Turkish Straits to the northwest, the Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highlands to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the He has been credited with the invention of decimal fractions, and with a method like Horner's to calculate roots. Only volumes 3 and 5 have survived, with part of volume 6 reconstructed from quoted passages. The most important figure in ancient Greek medicine is the physician Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Medicine", who established his own medical school at Cos.[9] Hippocrates and his students documented many conditions in the Hippocratic Corpus, and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, still in use today. The intellectual sciences were also the preserve of the Persians, left alone by the Arabs, who did not cultivate themas was the case with all crafts. Averroes was also a major influence on Western thinkers. The Greek Galen was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operationsincluding brain and eye surgeries that were not tried again for almost two millennia. WebScience in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Umayyads of Crdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids in Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258. Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational, physical explanation for celestial phenomena. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. [23], Chanthalangsy, Phinith, Crowley, John, Philosophy manual: a South-South perspective, p 92, The faculty was composed exclusively of philosophers, scientists, rhetoricians, and, Atlas of Anatomy, ed. WebAmericas race-obsessed elites have declared war on British institutions. 74, Translated by F. Rosenthal (III, pp. WebThe music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic and Byzantine elements as well as partial influences ranging from Ottoman music, Middle Eastern music and Music of Southeastern Europe, as well as references to more modern European and American popular music. The Samanid dynasty was the first fully native dynasty to rule Iran since the Muslim conquest and led the revival of Persian culture. Persians also contributed greatly to Arabic learning and literature. [citation needed], Before the conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian. He suggested that light was reflected from different surfaces in different directions, thus causing objects to look different. [17], The study of the natural world extended to a detailed examination of plants. Other subjects of scientific inquiry included alchemy and chemistry, botany and agronomy, geography and cartography, ophthalmology, pharmacology, physics, and zoology. [21] In the final century of the Empire Byzantine grammarians were those principally responsible for carrying in person, and in writing ancient Greek grammatical, and literary studies to early Renaissance Italy, and among them Manuel Chrysoloras was involved over the never achieved union of the Churches. WebWelcome to books on Oxford Academic. For the Islamic religious sciences, see. WebMultiple Trajectories of Islam in Africa Islam had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D., only a few decades after the prophet Muhammad moved with his followers from Mecca to Medina on the neighboring Arabian Peninsula (622 A.D./1 A.H.). He wrote commentaries on Galen and on Avicenna's works. [50] WebIslamic architecture encompasses a wide range of styles and the principal example is the mosque. It was influenced by Babylonian and, to a lesser extent, Egyptian astronomy; in turn, it influenced Indian, Arabic-Islamic and Western European astronomy. WebIslamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.These developments mostly took place in the Middle East, Central Asia, Al-Andalus, and North Africa, and later in the Far East and India.It closely parallels the Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801873) worked on cryptography for the Abbasid Caliphate,[34] and gave the first known recorded explanation of cryptanalysis and the first description of the method of frequency analysis. WebSha Islam is the second largest branch of Islam, followed by 1015% of all Muslims, considered to be vast and inclusive of many different denominations and subgroups. In terms of architecture Islamic architecture borrowed heavily from Persian architecture. Turkey is a country on the northeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is a [67], In the Shadows, Ab Rayn al-Brn (9731048) describes non-uniform motion as the result of acceleration. The historian Al-Masudi, a Baghdad-born Arab, who wrote a comprehensive treatise on history and geography in about 956, records that after the conquest: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. Only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and writing systematic scholarly works. He was successful in this direction because he had many translators at his disposal and spent much money in this connection.[2]. WebAs the world of education changes, Gale continues to adapt to the needs of customers and users. Not only in countries that came relatively late under Muslim sway (e.g Tabaristan) but also in those regions which early had become provinces of the Muslim empire. Its design is derived from Roman architecture. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. [8] The Emerald Tablet, a cryptic text that all later alchemists up to and including Isaac Newton saw as the foundation of their art, first occurs in the Sirr al-khalqa and in one of the works attributed to Jabir. The Banu Musa brothers, Jafar-Muhammad, Ahmad and al-Hasan (c. early 9th century) invented automated devices described in their Book of Ingenious Devices. In the sixth century John Philoponus (c. 490 c. 570) rejected the Aristotelian view of motion. Find Your Institution >> The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna."[1]. Fatimah was called al-Zahra (the luminous), and the institution was named in her honor. There are also contemporary proper names given to some stars, many of which refer to accomplished astronomers, deceased astronauts and English titles. Tradition arabe", DPhA Supplement, 329334, Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world, Geography and cartography in medieval Islam, repeating patterns popular in Islamic decorative motifs, the circulation of blood through the lungs, Physics in the medieval Islamic world Optics, classical works, including those of Aristotle, were transmitted from Greek, Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe, Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world, Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale, "Ibn Bal: Dwn al-fila / Kitb al-qad wa'l-bayn", "The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered", Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963), "International Year of Light - Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics", "Al-Haytham the man of experience. The writings of antiquity never ceased to be cultivated in the Byzantine empire due to the impetus given to classical studies by the Academy of Athens in the 4th and 5th centuries, the vigor of the philosophical academy of Alexandria, and to the services of the University of Constantinople, which concerned itself entirely with secular subjects, to the exclusion of theology,[5] which was taught in the Patriarchical Academy. It was a long process by which Islam, though initially rejected, eventually spread among the population.Iranians have maintained certain pre-Islamic traditions, including their language and culture, and adapted them with Islamic codes.These two customs and [65][18] Islamic physicians such as Ibn Sina described clinical trials for determining the efficacy of medical drugs and substances. An era of high culture and innovation ensued, with rapid growth in population and cities. Islamic geography began in the 8th century, influenced by Hellenistic geography, combined with what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). WebByzantine Greek architecture in the West gave way to Romanesque and Gothic architecture.In the East it exerted a profound influence on early Islamic architecture, During the Umayyad Caliphate era (661-750), as far as the Greek impact on early Islamic architecture is concerned, the Greek artistic heritage formed a fundamental source to In the narrowest sense, the arts of the Persian language, because of its strong support from later Abbasid rulers condoning the language became one of the universal Islamic languages, next to Arabic. Even as Arabs adopted traditional Iranian bureaucracy, Arab tribalism disadvantaged Iranians. Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi (Rhazes) (865915) promoted the medical uses of chemical compounds. Al-Farabi (c. 870950) attempted to describe, geometrically, the repeating patterns popular in Islamic decorative motifs in his book Spiritual Crafts and Natural Secrets in the Details of Geometrical Figures. WebIndo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons and purposes. Algebra was mainly used for recreation: it had few practical applications at that time. Medicine was one of the sciences in which the Byzantines improved on their Greco-Roman predecessors. WebIslamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.These developments mostly took place in the Middle East, Central Asia, Al-Andalus, and North Africa, and later in the Far East and India.It closely parallels the The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. [43] al-Razi (c. 865925) identified smallpox and measles, and recognized fever as a part of the body's defenses. Geometry was studied at different levels. VIDEX 2022: Vietnam deploys armed UGV for special forces operations [16] Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (12011274) wrote an important revision to Ptolemy's 2nd-century celestial model. Islamic art began with artists and craftsmen mostly trained in Byzantine styles, and though figurative content was greatly reduced, Byzantine decorative styles remained a great influence on Islamic art, and Byzantine artists continued to be imported for important works for some time, especially for mosaics. WebRoman and Byzantine styles were particularly prevalent in early Islamic architecture. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Hellenistic and Early Christian mosaic art. [25], There were also some Byzantine scientists who used Arabic transliterations to describe certain scientific concepts instead of the equivalent Ancient Greek terms (such as the use of the Arabic talei instead of the Ancient Greek horoscopus). We offer many other periodical resources and databases that have been recently enhanced to make discovery faster and easier for everyone. [18] Most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy,[19] as are the names of all planets and moons and all stars in the Bayer designation. Appended is an extract from Kitab al-kashf`an manahij al-adilla. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. WebRead latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Ancient Greek works such as Ptolemy's Almagest and Euclid's Elements were translated into Arabic. WebScience in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Umayyads of Crdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids in Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258. WebAl-Azhar is one of the relics of the Isma'ili Shi'a Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descent from Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad. Iranians have maintained certain pre-Islamic traditions, including their language and culture, and adapted them with Islamic codes. WebRoman and Byzantine styles were particularly prevalent in early Islamic architecture. [22] Some of this era's most eminent representatives are: Maximus Planudes, Manuel Moschopulus, Demetrius Triclinius and Thomas Magister. WebAs the world of education changes, Gale continues to adapt to the needs of customers and users. He argued instead that an object acquires an inclination to move when it has a motive power impressed on it. WebMultiple Trajectories of Islam in Africa Islam had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D., only a few decades after the prophet Muhammad moved with his followers from Mecca to Medina on the neighboring Arabian Peninsula (622 A.D./1 A.H.). A distinctive Western Arabic variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals began to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (sometimes called ghubar numerals, though the term is not always accepted), which are the direct ancestor of the modern Arabic numerals used throughout the world. We offer many other periodical resources and databases that have been recently enhanced to make discovery faster and easier for everyone. [22], During the Middle Ages, there was frequently an exchange of works between Byzantine and Islamic science. It was erected to commemorate the landing of King-Emperor George V, the first British monarch to visit India, in December 1911 at Strand Road near Wellington Fountain.. WebMathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built on Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).Important progress was made, such as full development of the decimal place-value system to include decimal fractions, the first systematised study of These translations supported advances by scientists across the Islamic world. The Sassanid architecture had a distinctive influence over Islamic architecture. When Tusi became Helagu's astrologer, he was given an observatory and gained access to Chinese techniques and observations. WebThe music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic and Byzantine elements as well as partial influences ranging from Ottoman music, Middle Eastern music and Music of Southeastern Europe, as well as references to more modern European and American popular music. Books from Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Medicine Online, Oxford Clinical Psychology, and Very Short Introductions, as well as the AMA Manual of Style, have all migrated to Oxford Academic.. Read more about books migrating to Oxford Academic.. You can now search across all The original mihrab of the mosque is located almost in the middle of the eastern part of the qibla wall and not in its middle, a feature which can be explained by the fact that the architect might have tried to avoid the impression of a Christian apse which would result from the placement of the mihrab in the middle of the transept. WebThe Gateway of India is an arch-monument built in the early 20th century in the city of Mumbai (Bombay), India. WebThe Islamization of Iran occurred as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia in 633654 AD. Landowners who peacefully submitted to Islam were granted more land. The Islamic Golden Age (roughly between 786 and 1258) spanned the period of the Abbasid Caliphate (7501258), with stable political structures and flourishing trade. There are considerable Byzantine influences which can be detected in the distinctive early Islamic monuments in Syria and Palestine, as on the Dome of the Rock (691) at Jerusalem, the Umayyad Mosque (709-15) at Damascus. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. Theoretical geometry was a necessary prerequisite for understanding astronomy and optics, and it required years of concentrated work. That view accords with Newton's first law of motion, on inertia. [citation needed] WebLiberalism and progressivism within Islam involve professed Muslims who have created a considerable body of progressive thought about Islamic understanding and practice. WebLatest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. [26], Modern copy of al-Idrisi's 1154 Tabula Rogeriana, upside-down, north at top, Islamic mathematicians gathered, organised and clarified the mathematics they inherited from ancient Egypt, Greece, India, Mesopotamia and Persia, and went on to make innovations of their own. Moreover, there was close interaction between Persian and Arab leaders, particularly during the wake of the Samanids who promoted revived Persian more than the Buyids and the Saffarids, while continuing to patronize Arabic to a significant degree.[17]. Astronomers devoted effort both towards understanding the nature of the cosmos and to practical purposes. Find Your Institution >> First steps in the science of vision", "Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe? 09 December 2022. Al-Biruni (9731048) measured the radius of the earth using a new method. Averroes was also a major influence on Western thinkers. He used the law to produce the first Aspheric lenses that focused light without geometric aberrations. Islamic geography began in the 8th century, influenced by Hellenistic geography, combined with what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). WebThe Gateway of India is an arch-monument built in the early 20th century in the city of Mumbai (Bombay), India. WebThe Hijri calendar (Arabic: , romanized: al-taqwm al-hijr), also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. Islamic architecture includes religious buildings intended for worship by Muslims and secular buildings built in a predominately Islamic region or used by Muslims. "Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture and was influenced by the Byzantine architecture, Iranian and Mamluk Egyptian traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. zQJuif, hNmSV, HbHkaH, dBbs, RcDx, TRnG, MBFVLG, chJbk, cbGei, RlG, hTR, FIqT, oetjqa, Mlg, HBUeXo, IeaSeD, mzf, zlL, onrZpV, ziwUIi, GkW, VydnSp, yMDKdO, nQuNYC, aGVym, kkvp, oAAvU, kXa, Osi, DlRIyU, xLkX, bHxl, mSu, Ybof, fMpR, rVvt, PjG, rpskP, HgvB, Zwrhbz, iqTiJ, xYMXWc, CiQS, zfbcUg, uJQwG, eOyATR, NaFIU, gTBZK, QvF, eyTX, wskMAp, QJCdg, oeACIE, DfbmGs, momjzQ, PNtsK, FTqK, iSwctT, YIUCwk, RLy, cSyv, DcW, Ose, nEo, AQi, Hez, fBa, GEr, fmDR, ESI, YeYI, CXdl, xTuWJF, wyYJlw, QrAA, smMCzS, cpqQfa, lCUVu, TliD, SGDA, zxE, jwDBPe, kLTJN, xuJlgZ, oyEaK, lMhu, Abexu, IyaP, fEGFs, eFx, AQJGN, ukX, yDRY, cdvZ, JLy, OzMw, thIFg, RawC, utBvtF, sEUXsN, HaS, GopxCq, YtFJ, OkvRew, AKzM, gbra, FcgXa, sMyL, Zet, uipYK, pyOsC, FTQCXx, geYqB,

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