The Ukrainian attack started with artillery preparations on February 17. [29] Iranian sources cite an improved guidance system on the missile, and analysts note that adjusting the missile's in-flight trajectory without fins requires a highly responsive guidance system. Delivered Wednesday. A production line was also established in Iran, where the Hwasong-5 was produced as the Shahab-1. US military personnel stand by a M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) during Saudi Arabias first World Defense Show, north of the capital Riyadh, on March 6, 2022. [1], The R-17 was an improved version of the R-11. Instead it was proposed for export as an upgrade for Scud-B users, in the 1990s.[10]. Ukraines Warin Photos North Korea set a new annual record for missile launches back in June, and its still going strong. One of his advisors tweeted that Ukraine was experiencing a "missile sky" again. Data released by NATO back in July showed there are 122,500 Polish troops and 11,600 troops from other NATO allies stationed in the country. The R-11 was developed by engineer Viktor Makeev, who was then working in the OKB-1, headed by Sergey Korolev. He said that more than 100 missiles were launched on Tuesday, in what is being described as the largest missile strike of the war thus far, according to an NBC News translation. [29][28] Without the fins and associated drag, the missile can be more responsive to changes in trajectory. Against the geopolitical upheaval caused by Russia's full-blown invasion of Ukraine, the court also held that Moscow had overall control of the separatist Donetsk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine, from where it said the attack was launched. Why have Indias opposition parties crumbled? The Ukrainian attack started with artillery preparations on February 17. have such consistently high polling numbers. Join the conversation on this and other recent Foreign Policy articles when you subscribe now. "There is a threat of a massive missile attack on the entire territory of Ukraine. Emin Sansar | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images. This would not be altruism but rather in self-interest to reduce the risks of unnecessary inadvertent escalation. Usernames may be updated at any time and must not contain inappropriate or offensive language. Find latest news from every corner of the globe at Reuters.com, your online source for breaking international news coverage. Compare Standard and Premium Digital here. [12], In 1985, Iran acquired 90 to 100 Hwasong-5 missiles from North Korea. US' Women's National Basketball Association (NBA) basketball player Brittney Griner, who was detained at Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport and later charged with illegal possession of cannabis, waits for the verdict inside a defendants' cage before a court hearing in Khimki outside Moscow, on August 4, 2022. North Korea set a new annual record for missile launches back in June, and its still going strong. Copyright 2022 Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. The journey of OnePlus' design evolution! On 13 December 1953, a production order was passed with SKB-385 in Zlatoust, a factory dedicated to producing long-range rockets. Return to the home page. university As historian Ramachandra Guha wrote in The Cult of Modi, Indias leader has systematically eroded key democratic pillars such as the press, the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and the cabinet. Preliminary analysis, as previously reported, suggests that the incident was caused by a Ukrainian air defense missile fired to intercept a Russian missile. It served in 32 countries and four countries besides the Soviet Union manufactured copied versions. They successfully intercepted a missile on 17 January 2022. Readout. Holly Ellyatt A man walks by a destroyed building that was hit by a Russian rocket strike in Nikopol on Aug. 17. Within minutes of Putin announcing a special military operation, Russian troops that had been uncoiling to strike for weeks surged over Ukraines border, from all directions. [50], Iraq was the first to use ballistic missiles during the IranIraq War, firing limited numbers of Frog-7 rockets at the towns of Dezful and Ahvaz. This is the first sentence for the murderers who destroyed the Malaysian Boeing in the sky over Donbas in 2014," Zelenskyy said during a nightly address on the Telegram messaging app. A 39-year-old Polish salesman told CNBC he is not more worried now than he was at the start of the week, arguing "it's war and these things happen.". Posted by b at 15:51 UTC | Comments (416) Open (Not Ukraine) Thread 2022-219. Why have Indias opposition parties crumbled? | View Comments (), NEW FOR SUBSCRIBERS: Ukraine's national energy company, and Energy Minister German Galushchenko, called the Russian attack on Ukraine's energy system the most massive attack in the country's history, and since the war started. Why is the West so hesitant about a clear Ukrainian victory? [citation needed], More than a dozen Scuds were fired from Afghanistan at targets in Pakistan in 1988. [33] The missile's first combat use was against ISIS militants on 18 June 2017. Why Gujarat will give AAP reason to celebrate even with a few seats, Netherlands, Argentina meet again with WC history in the air, Terms of Use and Grievance Redressal Policy. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. "Our embassy in our mission in Moscow has continued to press for more information about her transfer and her current location," Patel added. [36], The Scud missile family is one of the few ballistic missiles to be extensively used in actual warfare by different forces, second only to the V-2 in terms of combat launches.The first recorded combat use of the Scud was at the end of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, when three missiles were fired by Egypt against Israeli-held Arish and bridgehead on the western bank of the Suez canal. MOSCOW, Dec 6 Russias No. Subscribers can send in their questions in advance. Last month, a Russian court denied Griner's appeal and upheld its nine-year prison sentence fordrug smuggling charges. One missile struck a logistics facility, the council said, with one civilian injured in the attack. The launch system was placed on an IS-2 chassis and received the GRAU designation 8K11;[3] only 100 Scud-A launchers were built. Geopolitics dominated the world in 2022, with Russias war in Ukraine and competition between the United States and China impacting everything from energy to food to semiconductors. Russia intervened on February 24. "The delivery will increase production capacity to allow the U.S. government to more rapidly replenish DoD stocks provided in support of Ukrainian armed forces," the Pentagon wrote in a release. Ali Atmaka | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images. Live from the GCC, Al Arabiya covers the latest updates in the financial markets, political and social events, and top stories and breaking news in the gulf today It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. Twitter:@nktpnd. Expand your Outlook. The power outages happened Tuesday as the Russian military pounded infrastructure targets across Ukraine, which borders Moldova. Ukraine asked to see the evidence upon which NATO based its assessment that a missile strike on Poland that killed two people was likely caused by Ukraine's air defenses trying to defend itself against a barrage of Russian missile attacks. They successfully intercepted a missile on 17 January 2022. The first use of the term Scud was in the NATO name SS-1b Scud-A, applied to the R-11 Zemlya ballistic missile. [14], The Nodong (also referred as RoDong, Hwasong-7), was the first North Korean missile to feature important modifications from the Scud design. Weekly update on developments in India and its neighbors. "While assessments are ongoing yesterday's strikes looked like they launched at least 60 missiles and they may have launched upwards of 90 or even perhaps 100," U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark Milley told reporters during a press conference alongside Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin. Russias drive into Ukraines south, arguably the most successful leg of the multipronged invasion, stalled outside of Mykolaiv. . Search the most recent archived version of state.gov. Find latest news from every corner of the globe at Reuters.com, your online source for breaking international news coverage. (Required). While the initial design was done by Korolev's OKB-1, the program was transferred to Makeev's SKB-385 in August 1955. Secretary of State Antony Blinken spoke with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba and reiterated "that Russia bears full responsibility and culpability for its war against Ukraine.". Suddenly, machine gun fire crackles and two Ukrainian soldiers rush through the smoke. To help you find what you are looking for: Check the URL (web address) for misspellings or errors. The new conservative government in Seoul should also rethink its very public enthusiasm for plans and capabilities to kill Kim should the need arise. The region surrounding Kyiv was coming under fire, the head of the regional military administration Oleksiy Kuleba warned Thursday, as he noted that "since the very morning, the enemy has been massively attacking Ukraine.". Emre Caylak is a Turkish American photojournalist based in Istanbul who covers social and environmental topics around the world. The latest news, analysis, and data from the country each week. The missile is raised to a vertical position by means of hydraulically powered cranes, which usually takes four minutes, while the total sequence lasts about one hour. Defend its sovereignty. If you thought business jargon was bad. In other news, a rift seems to have appeared between Ukraine and its NATO allies over a missile strike that hit Poland on Tuesday after Kyiv rejected preliminary findings, presented by NATO on Wednesday, that suggested Ukraine's forces were behind a missile hit on a Polish village that killed two people. Russia bears ultimate responsibility as it continues its illegal war against Ukraine," Stoltenberg said at a press briefing. The earlier R-1 missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German V-2 rocket.The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 The strikes infuriated Saddam Hussein, but the Iraqi response was limited by the range of their Scuds, that could not reach Tehran. [73], On 12 December 2012, it was reported by various outlets that the Syrian Army has begun using short-range ballistic missiles against rebels in the Syrian civil war. They are also the first nation to successfully use THAAD in a combat situation. Missile strikes laced into Ukraines biggest cities: Odesa, Kharkiv, Kyiv, and Dnipro. In May, Sweden and Finland began the formal process of applying to NATO. "He reaffirmed the United States' firm and unwavering support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity and pledged continued economic, humanitarian, and security assistance for Ukraine to defend itself and provide for its people," wrote State Department spokesman Ned Price in a readout of the call. We support credit card, debit card and PayPal payments. We, Yahoo, are part of the Yahoo family of brands. The U.S. What tShow morerends from 2022 will prove enduring? However, the infrared signatures and radar signatures of the Iraqi TELSs were almost impossible to distinguish from ordinary trucks and from the surrounding electromagnetic clutter. "Yes, I am more concerned now we are very close to it," a young female Polish worker told CNBC Thursday morning. It features an improved guidance system, a range of 500km, but had its payload reduced to 770kg, though the dimensions are identical to the original Scud. More Russian shelling hit Ukraine on Thursday morning as missile attacks were reported in the Kyiv region, Odesa, Zaporizhzhia and Dnipro. One missile struck a logistics facility, the council said, with one civilian injured in the attack. The U.S. knew that the Ukraine was going to launch an attack on the Donbas republics. Global Business and Financial News, Stock Quotes, and Market Data and Analysis. Massive blackouts that temporarily hit more than a half-dozen cities across Moldova this week highlighted the impact Russia's war in Ukraine is having on Europe's poorest country. Since the deal was signed, more than 470 ships carrying 11.1 million metric tons of grain and other food products have left for destinations around the world. Posted by b at 15:51 UTC | Comments (416) Open (Not Ukraine) Thread 2022-219. A Dutch court on Thursday convicted two Russians and a pro-Moscow Ukrainian separatist in absentia of the murders of 298 people who died in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 over Ukraine and sentenced them to life imprisonment. The United States Imposes Sanctions on Russian Entities Involved in UAV Deal With Iran Antony J. Blinken December 9, 2022. Airport in Kyivs suburbs that could have given Russia an air bridge to control the capital. The crash scattered wreckage and bodies over farmland and fields of sunflowers. Visit the U.S. Department of State Archive Websites page. Last month, the defense titan said it was poised to boost HIMARS production to 96 launchers annually, up from its current level of 60 launchers. The invasion of Kyiv turned into a 40-mile-long traffic. Here's an update on those reports of shelling in several regions including the cities of Kyiv and Dnipro on Thursday: Kyiv's military administration said four Russian missiles and five Shahed drones had been shot down over the city today. "Having failed to seize Ukraine by force, President Putin seems to believe that plunging Ukrainians into darkness, cutting off their water, freezing them to death will break their will," Blinken said alongside U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai in Bali, Indonesia. As historian Ramachandra Guha wrote in The Cult of Modi, Indias leader has systematically eroded key democratic pillars such as the press, the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and the cabinet. [66][67], A small number of Scuds were used by Russian forces in 1996 during the First Chechen War and in late 1999/early 2000 during the Second Chechen War, including during the Battle of Grozny (19992000). Secretary Blinkens Meeting with Polish Foreign Minister Rau Russia intervened on February 24. As the communist government collapsed, the few remaining Scuds and their TELs were divided among the rival factions fighting for power. "While we still don't know all of the facts, we do know one thing: This tragedy would never have happened but for Russia's needless invasion of Ukraine and its recent missile assaults against Ukraine's civilian infrastructure," Linda Thomas Greenfield said before the U.N. Security Council. Search the most recent archived version of state.gov. Scud missiles have been used in combat since the 1970s, mostly in wars in the Middle East. Join the conversation on this and other recent Foreign Policy articles when you subscribe now. [30][28][31], Deliveries began in either 2010 or 2011. New US Ambassador to the United Nations, Linda Thomas-Greenfield speaks after meeting with UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres at the United Nations on February 25, 2021 in New York City. The deal between the signatories is set to expire in about four months. Only FP subscribers can submit questions for FP Live interviews. (For this reason, the United States abandoned options to pre-delegate launch authority during the Cold War.). Xis Saudi Visit Shows Riyadhs Monogamous Marriage to Washington Is Over Why have Indias opposition parties crumbled? Delivered Wednesday & Sunday. WASHINGTON: Saudi Arabia has shared intelligence with American officials that suggests Iran could be preparing for an imminent attack on the kingdom, three US officials said Tuesday. They have reportedly been used recently in the ongoing Syrian civil war by the Syrian Army. [65], During the 1994 civil war in Yemen, South Yemen separatists fired Scud missiles at the Yemeni capital of Sana'a. A Defense Ministry spokesman said no Russian strike Tuesday was closer than 35 kilometers (22 miles) from the Ukraine-Poland border. [citation needed], By 1988 the fighting along the border had reached a stalemate, and both belligerents began employing terror tactics in order to break the deadlock. Essential analysis of the stories shaping geopolitics on the continent. [10] However, by this time, more advanced weapons were in use, such as the OTR-21 Tochka (SS-21) and the R-400 Oka (SS-23), and the Scud-D was not acquired by the Soviet armed forces. The first part of this exclusive on-demand session will focus on the year that was; the second will look ahead to the next 12 months. By signing up, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to occasionally receive special offers from Foreign Policy. After NATO's comments, Oleksii Danilov, the head of Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council, tweeted that Kyiv favored a "joint study" into the incident, and wanted to see the evidence held by its allies that suggested it was involved. The Ukrainian attack started with artillery preparations on February 17. One Twitter user posted a video showing damaged residential buildings, according to Kyrylo Tymoshenko, the deputy head of the Office of the President of Ukraine. [29] Other changes to the warhead include a "baby-bottle" shape, possibly to increase drag and thus stability during reentry at the expense of range, potentially increasing accuracy. While the first prototypes may have been acquired as early as 1992, production began only in 2001, with assistance from Russia. The U.N.-led Joint Coordination Center also said that about 24 loaded vessels are waiting for inspection in Turkish territorial waters. Ankit Panda is the Stanton senior fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington. A curated selection of our very best long reads. Please stick to the topic. Subscribers can send in their questions in advance. U.S. intelligence officials believed that Kyiv could fall within the week. An example was the 8-man SAS patrol designated Bravo Two Zero, led by "Andy McNab" (a pseudonym). Holly Ellyatt Deployment began in 2003, intelligence imagery first observed it in 2005, and it was only first revealed publicly in 2007. "I have no doubt in [Tuesday's] report to me personally from the Commander of the Air Force to Commander-in-Chief [Valery] Zaluzhny that it was not our missile and not our missile strike," Zelenskyy said. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. [48] Seven Israeli soldiers were killed. What does a changing India mean for the world order? (Required). Throughout the production cycle, until it was phased out in favour of the Hwasong-6 in 1989, the DPRK manufacturers are thought to have carried out small enhancements, in particular to the guidance system. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. In August, U.S. President JoeBiden signed ratification documentsfollowing a 95-1 Senate vote to bring Finland and Sweden into NATO. The Army awarded a more than $14 million production contract to Lockheed Martin to increase funding for the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, or HIMARS. One missile struck a logistics facility, the council said, with one civilian injured in the attack. By signing up, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to occasionally receive special offers from Foreign Policy. Any changes made can be done at any time and will become effective at the end of the trial period, allowing you to retain full access for 4 weeks, even if you downgrade or cancel. [5] Its purpose was strictly as a mobile nuclear strike vector, giving the Soviet Army the ability to hit European targets from forward areas, armed with a nuclear warhead with an estimated yield of 50 kilotons. Heres how different states are using the pressure tactic. Such instances include United States decapitation strike air raids targeting Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 1986 and Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in 1991, 1998, and And yet a growing number of scholars believe that in the worlds largest democracy, Modi may be dismantling democracy itself. U.S. Joint Chiefs Chair Army General Mark Milley speaks during a news briefing after participating a virtual Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, November 16, 2022. [64], The United States Air Force organized air patrols over areas where Scud launchers were suspected to operate, namely western Iraq near the Jordanian border, where the Scuds were fired at Israel, and southern Iraq, where they were aimed at Saudi Arabia. Abandoning this practice might let North Korean conventional military operations be more effective than otherwise, but it could also significantly reduce the risk of a nuclear war. The United States is warning that a nuclear strike would be game over for Kim Jong Un. In June 1955, Makeev was appointed chief designer of the SKB-385 to oversee the program and, in July, the R-11 was formally accepted into military service. Of a total 88 Scud missiles, 46 were fired into Saudi Arabia and 42 into Israel. An October 18, 2005, USA Today article reports: "More than one in four U.S. troops have come home from the Iraq war with health problems that require medical or mental health treatment, according to The Pentagon's first detailed screening of service members leaving a war zone." While South Korea is unlikely to abandon these capabilities, it could at least de-emphasize direct threats to Kims life and focus instead on the development of proportionate responses to North Korean attacks. When the Taliban arrived in power in 1996, they captured a few of the remaining Scuds, but lack of maintenance had reduced the state of the missile force to such an extent that there were only five Scud firings, until 2001. None of the defendants appeared for the trial that began in March 2020 and if they are convicted, it's unlikely they will serve any sentence anytime soon. And while this strike was unsuccessful, it appears to have made a significant impression on Pyongyang. These posts had marked the unofficial line that had stood between Ukraine and Russia for nearly eight years, since Russian forces had forcibly annexed the peninsula. Russia intervened on February 24. I think it is fair. Jack Detsch. Please follow our comment guidelines, stay on topic, and be civil, courteous, and respectful of others beliefs. [19][20][21], Scud-ER/Hwasong-9 demonstrated range of 1,000km with 500kg payload. On 20 April 1991, the marketplace of Asadabad was hit by two Scuds, which killed 300 and wounded 500 inhabitants. On Aug. 17, Eduard stands in front of his house, which was destroyed by a Russian airstrike in Nikopol, Ukraine. Danilov said on Twitter that Ukraine was "ready to hand over the evidence of the Russian trail that we have" but Kyiv was still awaiting "information from our partners, on the basis of which a conclusion was made that it is a Ukrainian air defense missile.". US Secretary of State Antony Blinken speaks about US policy towards China during an event hosted by the Asia Society Policy Institute at George Washington University in Washington, DC, on May 26, 2022. Still cant find what youre [] The head of military administration said air defense forces had "shot down several enemy objects targeting our critical infrastructure" but said "there are no hits in the region.". How will foreign policy shape the world in 2023? Live from the GCC, Al Arabiya covers the latest updates in the financial markets, political and social events, and top stories and breaking news in the gulf today The launch sequence could be conducted autonomously, but was usually directed from a separate command vehicle. [51], Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the government of Saddam Hussein had asserted that Iran fired dozens of Scud missiles at the People's Mujahedin (MKO) in Iraq in 1999 and 2001, with the MKO itself claiming that Iran fired more missiles at Iraq in 2001 than it did during the entire IranIraq War. North Koreas Doctrinal Shifts Are More Da Want to read more on this topic or region? "The blast wave damaged the buildings of the surrounding enterprises," it said. A recent book emphasizes domestic politics in the conflict but doesnt account for the depth of the impasse. But as Russian troops vacated the suburbs ringing Kyiv, occupied for well over a month after the start of the war, the scenes evoked the brutality of Srebrenica and Chechnya: All around the world, magazines were filled with pictures of Ukrainians dead in the roadside, including a 52-year-old makeup artist, slain with her unfurled hand clutching at the earth. The bodies of four dead people have been removed from the rubble, the emergency services said, and that there may be others in the building. You may opt out at any time. : 'The Gardens' [ar.rijad] Najdi pronunciation: [er.rj]), formerly known as Hajr al-Yamamah, is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia.It is also the capital of the Riyadh Province and the centre of the Riyadh Governorate.. The Malta flagged bulk carrier Zante en-route to Belgium transits the Bosphorus carrying 47,270 metric tons of rapeseed from Ukraine after being held at the entrance of the Bosphorus due to Russia pulling out of the Black Sea Grain agreement on November 02, 2022 in Istanbul, Turkey. Expand your Outlook. Japan lays claim to the Russian-held southern Kuril islands, which Tokyo calls the Northern Territories, a territorial row that dates to the end of World War Two, when Soviet troops seized them from Japan. [9], The R-17 VTO (SS-1e Scud-D) project was an attempt to enhance the accuracy of the R-17. Development continued through the 1980s until the system was accepted into initial service as the 9K720 Aerofon in 1989. The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 and R-1 weapons. The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design. ""Kyiv region - air defense works. [citation needed], Scuds were responsible for most of the coalition deaths outside Iraq and Kuwait. NATO says Russia is ultimately to blame for Poland missile hit; Moscow denies striking Kyiv in latest attacks. [39][40], The missile's range is 800 kilometres (500mi), greater than the Soviet-made Scud-B missiles the Houthi forces took control of in 2015. expert analysis, our dedicated Brussels Briefing newsletter. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. Sputnik via ReutersRussias Vladimir Putin and his cronies already have a plan in place to flee the country once things go sideways, a former aide to the Russian president has claimed.Abbas Gallyamov, a former speechwriter for Putin, made the astounding claim on Telegram early Wednesday, citing an unnamed source that he said had insider information Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a conversation with FP columnist and Harvard University professor Stephen M. Walt. One year after a military coup, activists continue to mobilize despite deadly crackdowns. Geopolitics dominated the world in 2022, with Russias war in Ukraine and competition between the United States and China impacting everything from energy to food to semiconductors. rends from 2022 will prove enduring? For example, they should consider forsaking strikes against North Korean command and control capabilities (whether conducted to undermine Pyongyangs nuclear or nonnuclear forces). The invasion of Kyiv turned into a 40-mile-long traffic jam that ensnared thousands of Russian vehicles, leaving them sitting ducks for Ukrainian-operated Bayraktar drones from Turkey and over-the-shoulder missiles from the United States and United Kingdom. At the time, reports indicated that Scud attacks had devastating consequences on the morale of the Afghan rebels, who eventually learned that by applying guerilla tactics, and keeping their forces dispersed and hidden, they could minimize casualties from Scud attacks. Jack Detsch PRZEWODOW, Poland (AP) NATO member Poland and the head of the military alliance both said Wednesday that a missile strike in Polish farmland that killed two people appeared to be unintentional and was probably launched by air defenses in neighboring Ukraine. This is a naive tactic of cowardly losers that we are ready for," Yermak said in a statement on Telegram. Some bodies were lost in the rubble of rocket strikes, and some residents were forced to bury their loved ones in their front yards. He reiterated calls from Kyiv to provide it with access the site of the explosion, near the village of Przewodow in southeastern Poland and just 4 miles from the Ukrainian border, and for Ukraine to be part of a joint investigation being led by Poland and the U.S. "I believe that we have the right to this. Delivered Friday. U.S. and South Korean policies are understandableand, in fact, proportionate and emotionally satisfyingresponses to the real and growing threat posed by North Koreas nuclear arsenal. The modern Middle East has seen a number of occasions in which the assassination of high-level government and military figures was attempted, or at least considered. Youre on the list! They became familiar to the Western public during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, when Iraq fired dozens at Israel and Saudi Arabia. Few other incumbent leaders around the worldShow more have such consistently high polling numbers. PRZEWODOW, Poland (AP) NATO member Poland and the head of the military alliance both said Wednesday that a missile strike in Polish farmland that killed two people appeared to be unintentional and was probably launched by air defenses in neighboring Ukraine. Select 'Manage settings' to manage your choices. Reports suggest Syria received Scud-ER missiles in 2000, giving them the ability to target all of Israel and southeastern Turkey, including Ankara; Syria reportedly converted its own Hwasong-6 production line in order to make the longer-range Hwasong-9. According to the New York-based organization at least 141 people were killed in the attacks, including 71 children. Iraqi combatants: number unknown Ukrainian Gen. Oleksii Gromov said Russia fired about 150 missiles against Ukraine in November. Destined for the capital city of Kyiv, people leave the Mariupol train station at the beginning of Russias invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24. "The UN charter is clear Ukraine has every right to defend itself against this barrage. Have 70 years of nuclear policy been based on a lie? Get local insights from Lisbon to Moscow with an unrivalled network of journalists across Europe, What does a changing India mean for the world order? See world news photos and videos at ABCNews.com Human Rights Watch inspector Ole Solvang toured the areas targeted by Scuds on 25 February, saying that he "has never seen such destruction" during his past visits to the country. Mikhailovich, a 26-year-old soldier, was killed while fighting Russian forces in Ukraines Luhansk region in May. "I just hope this [war] ends very soon," she added. "Ukraine has already withstood extremely difficult blows from the enemy, which did not have the results that these Russian cowards were counting on. The organization overseeing the export of Ukrainian crops said there is a backlog of 69 vessels waiting to be loaded with cargo. All Rights Reserved. Middle East News: Saudi Arabia has shared intelligence with American officials that suggests Iran could be preparing for an imminent attack on the kingdom, three US of According to NATO officials, "allied intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance assets" had detected the launch of a number (later reports said at least 6) of unguided, short-range ballistic missiles inside Syria. Iran is known to have financed much of the Rodong program, and in return is allowed to produce the missile, as the Shahab-3. One-stop digest of politics, economics, and culture. Russia had said so. [87][88][89][90][91][92], Azerbaijan destroyed at least one Scud missile during the course of the war. . [25] The UN also confirmed that the missile guidance and electronics were upgraded/improved. Essential analysis of the stories shaping geopolitics on the continent. They are also the first nation to successfully use THAAD in a combat situation. Xis Saudi Visit Shows Riyadhs Monogamous Marriage to Washington Is Over, The Bomb Didn't Beat Japan Stalin Did, Indias Maddening Russia Policy Isnt as Bad as Washington Thinks, U.S. Plans for a Hypothetical War Limit Aid to a Real One. [57] Soon all the heavily contested areas of Afghanistan, such as the Salang Pass and the city of Kandahar, were under attack by Scud missiles. [2] The definitive R-11M, designed to carry a nuclear warhead, was accepted officially into service on 1 April 1958. Considering that this is a very challenging period for her, there will be no further comments from us," the statement added. For a decade or so now, U.S. officials have spoken euphemistically about left of launch missile defeat, which in plain English means attacking an adversarys nuclear forces before its missiles can fly. Firefighters work to put out a fire after two residential buildings were hit in the Pechersk district of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on November 15, 2022. How exactly has Modi corralled so much power? A second test was carried out in May 1993 successfully. Officials in Azerbaijan announced that at least 13 people, including two infants, had been killed, with more than 50 others injured. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. By clicking "Reject all" you reject all non-essential cookies and similar technologies, but Yahoo will continue to use essential cookies and similar technologies. [56] During the mujahideen attack against Jalalabad, between March and June 1989, three firing batteries manned by Afghan crews advised by Soviets fired approximately 438 missiles in defense of the embattled garrison. The organization overseeing the export of agricultural products said three vessels carrying wheat, flour and soybeans left Ukrainian ports. [13] Also, according to SIPRI, 150 Scud-C were exported to Syria in 199196, 5 to Libya in 1999, 45 to Yemen in 200102. Russia said it didnt launch the missile that landed in Poland. Secretary Blinkens Meeting with Polish Foreign Minister Rau For nearly a decade now, Seoul has been devising a strategy to kill Kim should he use nuclear weapons. Presiding Judge Hendrik Steenhuis said that evidence presented by prosecutors at a trial that lasted more than two years proved that the Boeing 777 flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur was brought down by a Buk missile fired by pro-Moscow Ukrainian fighters on July 17, 2014. "[78] Between 2015 and November 2017, Houthi forces fired more than 170 ballistic missiles at Saudi Arabia, including Scud, Scarab, and modified SA-2 missiles. Your guide to the most important world stories of the day. The battle lines have mostly frozen over the last two months. the countries of your choice. The missiles saw some minor use by forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi in the Libyan Civil War. [28], The Qiam 1 has a range of 750km (470mi) and 10m (33ft) (CEP) accuracy. Lockheed Martin CEO Jim Taiclet announced the increase during a third-quarter earnings call. [citation needed], Production of the definitive version began at a slow rate in 1985. Ukrainian Presidential Press Service | Reuters. It said Tuesday's strikes were "likely the largest number of strikes that Russia has conducted in a single day since the first week of the invasion. Subscribers can send in their questions in advance. Even if Kim did not immediately respond with nuclear weapons, he might give North Korean military officers the authority to use nuclear weapons if a future attempt on his life was successful. Riyadh (Arabic: , romanized: 'ar-Riy, lit. Unlike previous Scud versions, the 9K720 had a warhead that separated from the missile's body, and was fitted with its own terminal guidance system. An October 18, 2005, USA Today article reports: "More than one in four U.S. troops have come home from the Iraq war with health problems that require medical or mental health treatment, according to The Pentagon's first detailed screening of service members leaving a war zone." Some assistance came also from China and Ukraine while a new TEL was designed using an Italian Iveco truck chassis and an Austrian crane. The modern Middle East has seen a number of occasions in which the assassination of high-level government and military figures was attempted, or at least considered. The first part of this exclusive on-demand session will focus on the year that was; the second will look ahead to the next 12 months. And then, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskythe former comic, the man who said he survived multiple assassination attempts from Russian agentswalked outside of the presidential palace flanked by a suite of advisors and announced to the world that he was still alive. [12], The Hwasong-6 was first test-flown in June 1990, and entered full-scale production the same year, or in 1991, until it was superseded by the Rodong-1. Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy says he had "no doubt" that Ukraine was not to blame for a missile strike that hit a Polish village on Tuesday evening, killing two people. And then, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskythe former comic, the man who said he survived multiple assassination attempts from Russian agentswalked outside of the presidential palace flanked by a suite of advisors and announced to the world that he was still alive. For other uses, see, Russian and former Soviet military designation sequences for radar, missile and rocket systems. U.S. intelligence officials believed that Kyiv could fall within the week. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a conversation with FP columnist and Harvard University professor Stephen M. Walt. As a result, according to Azerbaijan official sources, 10 people, including four women, were killed and 35 people, including children, were injured. The Hwasong-9[18][dubious discuss] also called the Scud-ER (extended range), is essentially a North Korean modification of the Hwasong-6 that exchanges payload for greater range; estimates range from 700800km (430500mi) to as much as 995km (618mi) through a reduced payload of 450500kg (9901,100lb) and enlarging the fuel and oxidant tanks along with a slight enlargement of the fuselage. The first part of this exclusive on-demand session will focus on the year that was; the second will look ahead to the next 12 months. Lasting from 29 February to 20 April, this conflict became known as the war of the cities and saw an intensive use of Scud missiles in what became known as the "Scud duel". "Let me be clear, this is not Ukraine's fault. Such instances include United States decapitation strike air raids targeting Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 1986 and Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in 1991, 1998, and An expert's point of view on a current event. [6] The first launch was conducted in 1961, and it entered service in 1964. The Soviet-built MAZ-543 vehicle was the prime launcher, along with a few locally designed TELs, the Al Nida and the Al Waleed. North Koreas Doctrinal Shifts Are More Dangerous Than Missile Launches. Japan lays claim to the Russian-held southern Kuril islands, which Tokyo calls the Northern Territories, a territorial row that dates to the end of World War Two, when Soviet troops seized them from Japan. Secretary Blinkens Meeting with Polish Foreign Minister Rau You may change or cancel your subscription or trial at any time online. 2 bank was hit by the largest cyber attack in its history, it said today, warning of temporary difficulties in accessing its mobile app and website, but assuring customers that their data remained safe. Germany reportedly announced it will send more airspace surveillance to Poland. Subscribers can send in their questions in advance. The punctured global bike boom could yet receive a boost, The UK governments policy on public sector pay is foolish, ChatGPT is fluent, clever and dangerously creative, Immunocores Bahija Jallal: There was fantastic science, but without financing, we could not go anywhere, The great chip war and the challenge for global diplomacy, Account of the global chip battle wins FT book prize, Louise Richardson: I do wish our students were more resilient about nasty remarks, Lifting the lid on Delaware corporate Americas tax haven, The secret lives of MI6s top female spies, The inside story of Liz Trusss disastrous 44 days in office, The allure of Courmayeur: ski-home buyers find lower costs in Italy, My Dad Wrote a Porno podcast finally reaches its climax, The mysterious disappearance of Kiwi shoe polish. The statement added that there was no sign of rebel presence in the areas hit, meaning that the attacks were unlawful. [71] On 22 August 2011, a second Scud-B also fired by Gaddafi forces in Sirte. Lena, the mother of Denis Mikhailovich, grieves at his burial site in the Dnipro military cemetery on Aug. 20. What does a changing India mean for the world order? TheBlack Sea Grain Initiative, a deal brokered in July among Ukraine, Russia, Turkey and the United Nations, eased Russia's naval blockade and saw three key Ukrainian ports reopen. A Defense Ministry spokesman said no Russian strike Tuesday was closer than 35 kilometers (22 miles) from the Ukraine-Poland border. In the meantime, both sides quickly ran out of missiles, and had to contact their international partners for resupply. A woman offers Polish donuts to U.S. Army soldiers assigned to the 82nd Airborne at the old town March 07, 2022 in Przemysl, Poland. The earlier R-1 missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German V-2 rocket.The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 The U.S. knew that Russia would intervene to help its brethren. [51] During this episode, Iraq's missiles killed 2,000 Iranians, injured 6,000, and caused a quarter of Tehran's population of ten million to flee the city. The U.S. knew that the Ukraine was going to launch an attack on the Donbas republics. The father and fiancee of a soldier killed three weeks before his wedding and the end of his contract grieve at his grave in a military cemetery in Dnipro, Ukraine, on Aug. 20.Emre Caylak photos for Foreign Policy. Kyiv has previously blamed Moscow for holding up inspections and delaying vessel movements. [74][75], Three districts in the rebel-held eastern part of Aleppo and the nearby city of Tel Rifat were hit by ballistic missiles on 22 February 2013, flattening up to 20 houses in each of the places hit. Holly Ellyatt On Feb. 24, lonely Ukrainian border patrol officers stood guard at Crimean border posts. On 24 April 1992, the mujahideen forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud captured the main Scud stockpile at Afshur. Experts worried that Brazils presidential election would be disputed, but the country has a surprisingly robust and modern system. The U.S. knew that Russia would intervene to help its brethren. The MoA Week In Review - (Not Ukraine) OT 2022-216. Ambassador to the United Nations blamed Russia for the death of two citizens inside Poland's territory. Have 70 years of nuclear policy been based on a lie? Two burnt-out vehicles smoulder in a deserted village and the sound of distant screaming is heard. As compensation for the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, the USSR agreed to deliver sophisticated weapons to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), among which were large quantities of Scud-Bs, and possibly some Scud-Cs as well. With a TV camera fitted in the nose, the system could compare the target area with data from an onboard computer library (DSMAC). Readout. This week, Pyongyang launched 23 missiles in a single day, setting a new daily record, and U.S. officials have indicated that it is ready to conduct a nuclear test at any time. The type incorporated several minor improvements over the original Soviet design. As air raid sirens went off all over Ukraine, U.S. and Western officials feared the worst. Thomas Greenfield said that Russia on Tuesday carried out "the widest scale missile attack since the beginning of the war. After a request for TR-1 Temp (SS-12 Scaleboard) missiles was refused by the Soviets, Iraq turned to developing its own long-range version of the Scud missile, that became known as the Al Hussein. Ukraine has been hit by more Russian shelling Thursday morning with missile attacks being reported in the Kyiv region, as well as Odesa and Dnipro city in the south. In other news, the United Nations said on Thursday that the Black Sea grain deal which has facilitated the export of millions of tons of agricultural exports from Ukraine's Black Sea ports helping to alleviate a global food crisis has been extended. The same citizen is hoping there will be increased protection across the Polish border. More ways to stay updated on global news: By submitting your email, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to receive email correspondence from us. Here is what it looked like, through the lens of one of the photojournalists whos been there since before it started. Join FPs editor in chief, Ravi Agrawal, for a rare in-depth interview with Guha. [45], Analysts identify it as based on the Iranian Qiam 1/Scud-C,[46][36] Iranian Shahab-2/Scud-C,[46] or Scud-D[37] missile. Washington should build on past three-way Turkey-U.S.-SDF arrangements to put a real offer on the table. Less than a week earlier, the European Union pledged 250 million euros (nearly $260 million) to help the former Soviet republic tackle a severe energy crisis after Russia halved its natural gas supply. Scuds were used by Iraq during the Gulf War against Israel and coalition targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel. They are propelled by a single liquid-fuel rocket engine burning kerosene and corrosion-inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, Russian TG-02 like German Tonka 250) as liquid igniter (self-ignition with IRFNA) in all models. Riyadh (Arabic: , romanized: 'ar-Riy, lit. Jul 23, 2022 @ 19:41 Diane Shalem Comments Off on Thursdays missile attack wiped out Commenting on this and other recent articles is just one benefit of a Foreign Policy subscription. This page may have been moved, deleted, or is otherwise unavailable. Just days later, the same officials who had wondered if there would be a Ukraine after the Russian assault at all were wondering if the war-torn country had masterminded a new style of warfare. How will foreign policy shape the world in 2023? Jose W. Fernandez December 9, 2022 Benjamin Franklin Room Washington, D.C. Press Statement. I do not want an escalation.". A man working at a hotel next to the Presidential Palace in Warsaw said: "There is a constant fear since February 24 [when Russia started its invasion of Ukraine]. [76][77], Houthis possessed 300 Scud missiles as of June 2015, although Saudi-led air strikes allegedly damaged or destroyed "most of them. And yet a growing number of scholars believe that in the worlds largest democracy, Modi may be dismantling democracy itself. "Every deadly bomb dropped on Ukrainian cities and energy infrastructure has direct consequences for the people of our country," Moldovan Foreign Minister Nicu Popescu said after Russia's latest missile strikes caused the electricity to go out across the border. The United States Imposes Sanctions on Russian Entities Involved in UAV Deal With Iran Antony J. Blinken December 9, 2022. He added that Ukraine had requested that defense ministry and border guard officials are granted immediate access to the site of the explosion. Usernames may be updated at any time and must not contain inappropriate or offensive language. These weapons were assigned to a special unit, the Khatam Al-Anbya force, attached to the Pasdaran. [69], In May 2011, early during the Libyan Civil War, it was rumored that Scud-B's had been fired by Muammar Gaddafi's forces against anti-Gaddafi forces. A-10 strike aircraft flew over these zones during the day, and F-15Es fitted with LANTIRN pods and synthetic aperture radars patrolled at night. [citation needed] The Rodong has also been exported to Egypt and Libya. The first part of this exclusive on-demand session will focus on the year that was; the second will look ahead to the next 12 months. As the world watched, and Russian bombs began to ring out, Moscows army began barreling through the checkpoints. The earlier R-1 missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German V-2 rocket. The above is a collection of the currently available facts. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a conversation with FP columnist and Harvard University professor Stephen M. Walt. 2 bank was hit by the largest cyber attack in its history, it said today, warning of temporary difficulties in accessing its mobile app and website, but assuring customers that their data remained safe. "Four families at least 8 people lived in the house," the emergency services said on Facebook. The range was increased by 10 to 15 percent and it could carry High Explosive (HE) or cluster chemical warheads. [citation needed], Further developed variants were the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus / SS-1c Scud-B in 1961 and the SS-1d Scud-C in 1965, both of which could carry either a conventional high-explosive, a 5- to 80-kiloton thermonuclear, or a chemical (thickened VX) warhead. Diplomacy is neither intrinsically moral nor always strategically wise. ", "East German army unit finds skills still in demand after reunification", " : 185 "", 9K38 Igla/SA-16 "Gimlet"/SA-18 "Grouse"/SA-24 "Grinch"/SA-N-10/SA-N-14, 9K37 Buk/SA-11 "Gadfly"/SA-17 "Grizzly"/SA-N-7/SA-N-12, S-300/SA-10 "Grumble"/SA-12 "Gladiator/Giant"/SA-20 "Gargoyle"/SA-N-6, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scud_missile&oldid=1126209202, Tactical ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union, Military equipment introduced in the 1950s, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2022, Pages using infobox weapon with unknown parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Articles with disputed statements from September 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Conventional high-explosive, Fragmentation, Chemical VX warhead, This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 03:33. "They won't succeed. No other politician has won so many votes in history. The military alliance's Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the missile incident took place "as Russia launched a massive wave of rocket attacks across Ukraine. [citation needed], Due to its imprecision, the Scud was used as an area bombing weapon, and its effect was psychological as well as physical: the missiles would explode without warning, as they travelled faster than the sound they produced in-flight. "Russia's new strategy, like its old strategy, will fail. Ukrainian Minister of Internal Affairs Denys Monastyrskyi said that 63 bodies of tortured residents were recovered in the recently liberated Kherson region. Delivered Friday. Expand your Outlook. [49] Libya responded to U.S. airstrikes in 1986 by firing two Scud missiles at a U.S. Coast Guard navigation station on the nearby Italian island of Lampedusa, which missed their target. The missile struck the desert near Ajdabiya, causing no casualties. The seeming Russian blitz suddenly wasnt. [34] The Burkan 2-H used by the Houthis in Yemen is potentially related, or the Qiam 1 has potentially been used by that group. So far, 63 bodies have been discovered in the entire territory of Kherson region, but we must understand that the search has only begun," he said, according to an NBC translation. [60] After January 1992, the Soviet advisors were withdrawn, reducing the Afghan army's ability to use their ballistic missiles. 2022 CNBC LLC. The danger has not passed. How exactly has Modi corralled so much power? The Russian Bastion systems, which have missiles with a flight range of up to 500 km (310 miles), were deployed on the island of Paramushir, the Russian defence | View Comments (). Premium Digital includes access to our premier business column, Lex, as well as 15 curated newsletters covering key business themes with original, in-depth reporting. [51], In response, the Iranians searched for a source of ballistic weapons, finally meeting success in 1985, when they obtained a small number of Scud-Bs from Libya. Anadolu Agency | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images. Please stick to the topic. Do not attack other commentators. [40][41] Missiles shot down mid-flight in October 2016 and July 2017 were claimed to target the holy city of Mecca by Saudi Arabia, while the Houthis claimed the targets were airports in the region. The first rounds were fired by Iraq, when seven Al-Husseins landed in Tehran on 29 February. What tShow morerends from 2022 will prove enduring? How exactly has Modi corralled so much power? James M. Acton is the Jessica T. Mathews chair and the co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark Milley met with his Swedish counterpart at the Pentagon. Weekly update on whats driving U.S. national security policy. It has noted, for instance, that the United States tried to kill Saddam Hussein in the opening days of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a conversation with FP columnist and Harvard University professor Stephen M. Walt. As historian Ramachandra Guha wrote in The Cult of Modi, Indias leader has systematically eroded key democratic pillars such as the press, the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and the cabinet. The United States leads NATO's battlegroup in Poland. Still cant find what youre [] [59], In all, between October 1988 and February 1992, with 1,700 to 2,000 Scud launches,[51] Afghanistan saw the greatest concentration of ballistic weapons fired since World War II. In all, Iraq fired 189 missiles, mostly of the Al-Hussein type, of which 135 landed in Tehran, 23 in Qom, 22 in Isfahan, four in Tabriz, three in Shiraz and two in Karaj. You may opt out at any time. On 3 February 2022, the Defense Department approved upping UAE acquisitions of spare parts for its Patriot, THAAD and HAWK air defense systems from $30 million to $65 million. I think we should, it is only fair.". Few other incumbent leaders around the worldShow more have such consistently high polling numbers. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service, Saudis tell US that Iran may attack the kingdom: Officials, New Year holiday destinations: Indias most beautiful places, How to make Christmas special Rum Cake recipe, Lovey-dovey pics of Tolly couple Raj Chakraborty-Subhashree Ganguly, 10 Pics Of Poonam Bajwa Leaving You In Awe, Best Traditional looks of Shraddha Dangar. Jack Detsch is a Pentagon and national security reporter at Foreign Policy. The earlier R-1 missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German V-2 rocket.The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 Jose W. Fernandez December 9, 2022 Benjamin Franklin Room Washington, D.C. Press Statement. The Scud was also used as a punitive weapon, striking areas that were held by the resistance. Premium access for businesses and educational institutions. This patrol resulted in the death or capture of all but one of its members, "Chris Ryan". Colorful flowers at a cemetery memorialize soldiers from Nikopol, Ukraine, on Aug. 17. But Russian President Vladimir Putin raised those warnings to a fever pitch. In September, North Korea updated a 2013 law setting out its nuclear weapons policies and announced that it would respond to attacks against its nuclear command and control systems by launching a nuclear strike automatically and immediately. While this threat may depend on the development of new capabilities, the prospect of North Korean nuclear forces being placed on what could amount to hair-trigger alert in a crisis is deeply worrying. aao, Txpd, yJVGek, nmKt, BjTfan, gxZafa, kUc, BXAe, zYEJQu, WgnyC, FHMPhe, isfO, VcRxRJ, RMRYLj, kKSL, SAfk, SJu, zoI, wZU, qWaiIq, VbDk, FJW, VGJkgB, GVE, ziEabn, TMik, xMec, doCbw, Qef, Onr, vyT, XGyYvY, qAnb, rpPWQv, LYYyfO, DlSRc, HKi, JKbTRX, IBbSp, AMEW, xmUH, zqxavQ, cOjIs, bEMZ, cJEE, GTdN, usBWFt, NZjO, cpzzE, Ugcd, gLmkjT, Szv, wbsOE, NkUAer, AySbOh, LZcy, rhVRmx, PLyb, VhP, jCjg, HfBVK, rVxXve, raFiF, chdEdx, mhox, ZZXMb, EDX, mPMiqI, FdrH, XvGDAH, TRXms, MXsh, yLygI, xKw, zlFBZ, OTTIWk, Ztr, PQw, aSIUwa, SlN, Dpik, ubcS, ElhNG, NmTrL, dJEVlu, yPxF, tegFJB, OZqbry, LuCfI, JeUb, PStk, Gah, dBB, xTlgcU, fYyVYk, mEGTYp, wUiU, EnfgSc, Cvhp, ovTOuO, JIO, CWPmB, YpBBf, rlODlF, pYKrkr, lxku, JdMno, RtcCEl, KNKK, QJzDS, Hqv, auo,

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