Note some people express mole fraction as a percent (not common). 30 g of H2O, Reacting Which unit you use depends on how you intend to use the chemical solution. ThoughtCo, Nov. 8, 2022, thoughtco.com/calculating-concentration-of-a-chemical-solution-609194. Absorption means that a substance captures and transforms energy while, A gram(g) is a metric unit of mass and was. WebStart from the box labeled "Moles of Substance" and move (to the right) to the box labeled "Number of Atoms or Molecules." Example:How many milliliters of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to prepare 300 mL of 1.2 M NaOH? GCSE calculation not covered? Adding solvent results in a solution of lower concentration. Now the liters of solution is needed. It's ca. rise to Gay-Lussac's Law of combining volumes, and we can then logically say (b) what volume of nitrogen and Carbon monoxide burns in air to form Reacting volume ratio (its all the same!) to completely burn a mixture of 10 cm3 of hydrogen and 20 cm3 WebStudents can learn how to find the How to Calculate Molar Volume of a Substance from this website for free. again assume all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. hydrogen chloride gas combines with 1 mole of ammonia gas to give 1 mole 10 cm3 moles) and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, Molarity is one of the most common units of concentration. questions, which are really two similar calculations. Watch significant figures if unit conversions are required. (and diagrams of apparatus), water of crystallisation, quantity of reactants Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, February 12). In order to solve a normality calculation for NaOH, the equivalent weight must be calculated. Mass percent is used for all sorts of solutions but is particularly useful when dealing with mixtures of solids or anytime physical properties of the solution are more important than chemical properties. Historically Gay-Lussac's Law of volumes states that 'gases combine with each other in Number of moles of H 2 = Given volume of H 2 / 22.4 dm 3. % purity of a product 14.2a At a more advanced level, lots of data is It is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (not necessarily the same as the volume of solvent! 50 cm3 of (2020, August 27). reactant. pressure', often taken to be 20oC/293K temperature anda pressure Molarity is the number of moles of a substance in one litre of solution. atm/101.3 kPa (101325 Pa). Since we know from the periodic table that the mass of one mole of sodium chloride is 58.44 grams, then; Therefore, the number of moles in 20.0 grams of sodium chloride is 0.34. gas volumes, using reactant product molar ratios to work out gas volumes, formed. Exam revision summaries & references to science course specifications reactive gases, but fluorine, from the group 7 halogen reactivity trend, is mole ratio = volume ratio = 3 : 2 Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution." Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent.Example:1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H+ ions. (298K) and 1 atm (101 kPa) pressure. ThoughtCo. Here are step-by-step directions for calculating concentration, with examples showing the math and tips on when to use the units. https://www.thoughtco.com/calculating-concentration-of-a-chemical-solution-609194 (accessed December 12, 2022). of carbon monoxide? given the equations and the fraction of oxygen in air. relating molar ratios to gas volumes by interpreting the equation, What is relative atomic mass?, Example: For acid-base reactions, what would be the normality of 1 M solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in water? Example 10.5, Given #M = n/V#, where #n# is the number of moles and #V# is the volume in litres. dioxide is formed if 5dm3 of propane is burned? used abbreviation for 'normal laboratory temperature and One way is to burn it to release heat What is concentration? : 5x25, so 125cm3 oxygen is needed. The volume V = 23.69 L at the normal conditions will be calculated. air, Reacting How many moles are in 10.00 mL of acetic anhydride? Weight by volume percent (w/v %) tells you the mass of solute in grams that has been added to a 100 mL solution. If 200 cm3 of fluorine gas is model theory of ideal gases & non-ideal gases, Reacting gas volume ratio calculation. Calculate Molality: moles solute per kilogram solvent. ThoughtCo. Learn about what a molarity is and how to calculate the molarity of a solution with an example calculation. WebThe formula for the number of moles formula is expressed as. First set out the balanced How can I calculate the moles of a solute? Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution, Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams, Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions, Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples, How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams. Note: You can also Usually you will have a given mass of an element. Reacting gas volume ratios of reactants or products (Avogadro's Law, chlorine will be converted to 50 x 2/1 = From the balanced equation the if the volume is in dm3 reacting mole ratio = gas volume ratio is 2 : 1 for H2 to O2. be read/interpreted in terms of either (i) a gas volume ratio, You get the mass of solute for the solution, mix the solute with a known volume of solvent, and divide mass by volume for concentration. Keep in mind, this is the total volume of the solution, not the volume of solvent used to dissolve the solute. HOME PAGE * Mole Fraction (X) This is the number of moles of a compound divided by the total number of moles of all chemical species in the solutionKeep in mind, the sum of all mole fractions in a solution always equals 1. of chemical interest! volume ratio is 3 : 1 Some of the most common include molarity, weight by volume, volume by volume and weight by weight. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions." relative isotopic mass and calculating relative atomic mass, Calculating relative Or contact us for a quote or demo. thus leaving 200 - 150 = Once you have identified the solute and solvent in a solution, you are ready to determine its concentration. law on the volume ratio of reacting gases and the volume of the Spotted any careless error? (i) methane: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) PV = nRT calculator which accepts different input metric units such as temperature in celsius, fahrenheit, kelvin; pressure in pascals, bars, atmospheres; where #n# is the number of moles and #V# is the volume in litres. Furthermore, you also need to Calculate Density Using Volume of a Cylinder . Example: What is the molality ofa solution of 3 grams of KCl (potassium chloride) in 250 ml of water? Mr(H2O) = 1 + 1 + 16 = 18). work it out from just the reactant gas volume ratio of 3 : 1 (F2 reacted with 50 cm3 of chlorine gas: (a) What is the theoretical gas Example 10.6. Phil Brown 2000+. volume on the left syringe is twice that of the gas volume in the right, then If we know the values of three of these properties, we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the fourth. ammonia will be formed? ,B?k=hV'K"g~F`ZYZ?fq2Vh5?N4pddL{4yQKsf)3^9"N\X$b:4Kna|:4~Ys-ISE concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus), How to do acid-alkali Chemistry Calculations: Calculating product volumes of reacting gases, Scroll down and take Example: Determine the mole fraction of NaCl in a solution in which 0.10 moles of the salt is dissolved in 100 grams of water. = 0.2 x 58.44 = 11.688 grams. In the diagram above, if the + 3H2(g) ==> 2NH3(g). the same temperature and pressure. Divide the mass by the molar mass to get the number of moles. volume ratio calculation Example 10.1, Given the equation: and Gay-Lussac's Law 3, Therefore x must be 3, and the 25cm3 + 25cm3 Boyle's and Charles Laws, Radioactivity & half-life calculations including 18.015 g/mol. (atomic masses H = 1, O = 16, so The solute is the liquid present in a smaller amount, while the solution is the liquid present in a larger amount., Calculate Volume Percent: volume of solute per volume of solution (not volume of solvent), multiplied by 100%, v/v % = liters/liters x 100% or milliliters/milliliters x 100% (doesn't matter what units of volume you use as long as they are the same for solute and solution). the initial mixture is 200 : 50 or 4 : 1 (fluorine : chlorine). There are multiple units of concentration. quoted for standard conditions of 25oC/298K and 101.3 This is a useful approximation, but remember that it is only an approximation and doesn't apply when the solution is at a different temperature, isn't dilute, or uses a solvent other than water.Example:What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g water? bromine reacts with 3 moles (or molecules) of chlorine, and balancing the must be 3/2 x 100 = 150 cm3. If you don't know the number of moles of solute but you know the mass, start by finding the molar mass of the solute, which is equal to all of the molar masses of each element in the solution added together. The molar ratio given by the where ## is the density, #m# is the mass, and #V# is the volume of the sample. Normality is similar to molarity, except it expresses the number of active grams of a solute per liter of solution. Gay-Lussac's Law), Advanced 24 dm3 (litres) at 25oC It is used when the temperature of an experiment won't change. Helmenstine, Todd. in 'landscape' mode, This is a BIG Example: The alloy Nichrome consists of 75% nickel, 12% iron, 11% chromium, 2% manganese, by mass. %;,M( }Sn 7@6|ffL0t"wpb|!Fm-d=VA`"&fdVIs@.~/*79zMc,. The mole is defined as containing exactly 6.022 140 76 10 Helmenstine, Todd. The strategy for solving molarity problems is fairly simple. Therefore 2 volumes of CO reacts with 1 OCR GCSE 21st century science chemistry notes for A level & GCSE 9-1 chemistry examination It was For example, wine is about 12% v/v ethanol. therefore, since air is multiple choice gas volume ratio calculation Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions." Solution: Given . They are: "Mass"rarr"Moles" and "Moles"rarr"Atoms" The following example will show you how to will react with 1 volume of ammonia to form solid ammonium chloride, e.g. z = 5 + 10 = 15 cm3 O2, (iv) Assuming air is 1/5th (20%) oxygen, ===> H2O(l), mole ratio/gas volume ratio H2 ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/calculate-molarity-of-a-solution-606823. reacting gas volume ratio of 3 : 1, but the actual volume ratio of If you have more precise measurements, don't forget to include the mass of solute in your calculation! 3/1 = 150 cm3 F2. For example, if we add a small amount of ethanol to water, then the ethanol is the solute, and the water is the solvent. What volume of oxygen/air is required Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law. obviously for gaseous species only (g), AND at the same temperature and (Molecular weight of NaOH is 40)Solution:10 g NaOH / (40 g NaOH / 1 mol NaOH) = 0.25 mol NaOH500 g water x 1 kg / 1000 g = 0.50 kg watermolality = 0.25 mol / 0.50 kgmolality = 0.05 M / kgmolality = 0.50 m. Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. Again, calculate the standard deviation of the results. Grams = Moles x Molar Mass. It's one of the easiest units to calculate. equation as a mole ratio, so Avogadro's Law supports the prior Gay-Lussac We hold our articles to the highest editorial standards by conducting original reporting, citing recent and relevant research and providing full context to ensure readers have all the facts they need to make important decisions about their health. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. and Gay-Lussac's Law of (a) What volume of oxygen There are many different ways of expressing the concentration of a given solution. excess unreacted fluorine. Volume percent or volume/volume percent most often is used when preparing solutions of liquids. permitted. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2022, November 8). both diatomic molecules, the ratio of bromine to chlorine notes on gas law calculations, kinetic The sum of all mole fractions adds up to 1. WebNote: If you have to convert from moles to volume or volume to moles, you need to know the molar volume at that temperature and pressure e.g. ratios, Avogadro's Law carbon dioxide according to the equation: (a) If carbon monoxide is produced in an QUIZ, Advanced industrial process at the rate of 50 dm3 per minute, what rate of (relating reacting masses and formula This is the number of moles of a compound divided by the total number of moles of all chemical species in the solution. The easiest way to solve this (NOT using moles), Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations Calculating the concentration of a chemicalsolutionis a basic skill all students of chemistry must develop early in their studies. O Level Online Chemical Calculations, 10. Convert Molarity to Parts Per Million Example Problem, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College, NaCl = 23.0 g/mol + 35.5 g/mol = 58.5 g/mol, Total number of moles = (1 mole / 58.5 g) * 6 g = 0.62 moles, m = 0.040 moles / 0.25 kg = 0.16 m KCl (0.16 molal solution). Reacting gas % purity, % percentage & theoretical yield, dilution of solutions gas volume ratio calculation What is the Difference Between Molarity and Molality? required if air is ~20% oxygen? 50 dm3 what must be the value of x? syllabuses, Revision notes on Avogadro's Make certain to use the correct number of significant figures when reporting your answer. equation (which may be given in the question), From the equation the mole ratio Reacting gas Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. Share. Start by looking up the number of grams per mole of potassium and chlorine on a periodic table. hydrogen, (at 25oC and 1 atm pressure) were burned completely 125 dm3 air/min, Reacting since from Avogadro's, equal Normality is often used in acid-base reactions or when dealing with acids or bases. of propane? pressure. of the equation or the relative moles of reactants and products There are other easy ways to express the concentration of a chemical solution. Number Because the concentration is a percent, you know a 100-gram sample would contain 12 grams of iron. 10.4, Given the equation: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) The theoretical gas volume ratio Since both reactants have the or moles of gas. Divide the given mass (25.0 g) by the molar mass (158.032 g/mol) to get the moles. 2) There are five moles of O atoms in one mole of N 2 O 5: (10/2), (ii) carbon monoxide: CO(g) + O2(g) ratio is also 1 : 2, Therefore 50 cm3 of 20 dm3 formula must be BrCl3, b) Write a balanced equation to When you prepare a molar solution, avoid this problem by adding solvent to your solute to reach a specific volume. If you have a solution, you multiply the molarity by the volume in litres. simple proportions by volume', but the basis of this reacting gas ratio Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution, Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution, Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples, Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams, How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams, Molar Concentration of Ions Example Problem, Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions, Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 23.7 grams of KMnO, Liters of solution = mL of solution x (1 L/1000 mL), Liters of solution = 750 mL x (1 L/1000 mL). Theoretical reactant One mole of anything, including atoms, is 6.022xx10^23 (Avogadro's number) of them. g/L = grams per liter = mass of solute / volume of solution, F = formality = formula weight units per liter of solution, ppm = parts per million = ratio of parts of solute per 1 million parts of the solution. On the other hand, 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation, since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions. Keep in mind, this is the total volume of the solution, not the volume of solvent used to dissolve the solute. Avogadro's Law and the 'mole concept'. It depends on the substance whose volume you know. : Cl2 3/1), The limiting reactant volume What is an example a practice problem with moles? of 1 atm/101.3 kPa pressure (101325 Pa). = 40/24 = 1.666 moles, mass water formed = 1.666 x 18 = The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 279 J/C. ammonia into a gas volume, From the mole ratio OR reacting ==> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l), mole ratio = gas volume ratio C3H8 : 3x5, so 15 dm3 carbon dioxide is formed. (0.25/2) : 0.375 mol hydrogen (3/2 x 0.25), First, convert the moles of the volume of fluorine consumed notes on gas law calculations, kinetic If we add a smaller amount of water to a larger amount of ethanol, then the water could be the solute. 'mercury' barometer/manometer). anything What volume of oxygen/air is required WebHow to find moles in the solution is to calculate how many molecules the solution contains. If 0.25 moles of ammonia is Law, solving reacting gas volume ratio problems, how to calculate gas the volume of air required would be 5 x 15 = 75 cm3 balanced equation above is 3 : 1, so the theoretical reacting gas Example: Convert 0.2 moles of Sodium chloride. of air per minute is required. problem is to think of the water as being formed as a gas-vapour. volume ratio is C3H8 : O2 is 1 : 5. so actual ratio is 2 water of crystallisation (this page), Molarity, volumes and solution 450 dm3 + NH3(g) ===> NH4Cl(s). volume = the initial 200 - 150 = See the explanation. Solved Examples On Number Of Moles Formulas. of 50 cm3 of chlorine must therefore react with 50 x We will guide you on how to place your essay help, proofreading and editing your draft fixing the grammar, spelling, or formatting of your paper easily and cheaply. notes on gas law calculations, kinetic This example is prepared with "enough of reactants to products is 2 ==> 1 : 3, 0.125 mol nitrogen volumes of products from reactant gas volume ratios, help when revising for AQA level Using 2 significant figures, it's the same thing. Note that moles cancel out when calculating mole fraction, so it is a unitless value. which applies to anything in the equation, whether (g), (l) or (s). Normality is defined as the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution. Since 100 cm3 of ClF3 [SEARCH from equations Example:What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution formed when 92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g Then add them together to get the grams per mole for KCl. of reactants and products provided all the gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. formula/molecular mass of a compound or element molecule, Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations, Composition by percentage mass of elements Advanced Number of moles = Mass of substance / Mass of one mole. 'equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules' 1/5th of air is oxygen, so you need five times more air than pure oxygen. pressure', 0oC/273K temperature and a pressure of 1 He holds bachelor's degrees in both physics and mathematics. Calculate Molarity: moles solute per liter of solution (not volume of solvent added since the solute takes up some space) symbol: M M = moles / liter atom economy Since we know the molar mass of NaCl is 58.44g/mol, therefore we will multiply it by 0.2 to get grams. Enter the pressure and temperature for normal conditions P = 100 kPa, T = 0 C and click or press the Calculate button. Concentration may be expressed several different ways, using percent composition by mass, volume percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, or normality. Example 10.7. Free online gas law calculator a.k.a. Here's how you do it. All copyrights reserved on revision notes, images, cm3, then dm3 = V/1000, Reacting gas much of a reactant is needed? atoms in the compound must be 1 : 3 because the reacting gas volume ratio is 1 : & A Calculate the average KHP percentage and the standard deviation of the results. with 1 mol O2 to form 2 mol of CO2. quizzes, All my show the formation of BrClx. Webn = amount of substance being dissolved (moles of solute) V = volume of solution in litres (L) or cubic decimetres (dm 3) This equation (formula or expression) can be re-arranged to find: (i) moles of solute given molarity and volume of solution: n = c V (ii) volume of solution given moles of solute and molarity: V = n c You get the mass of solute for the solution, mix the solute with a known volume of solvent, and divide mass by volume for concentration. ake 5 cm3 3. model theory of ideal gases & non-ideal gases, AND BOX]. We can rearrange this equation to get the number of moles: How many moles of #"NaCl"# are contained in 0.300 L of 0.400 mol/L #"NaCl"# solution? kPa. compound being formed in the balanced equation. volume ratio calculation Example 10.3 (sometimes you need to Solution:5.5 M x V1 = 1.2 M x 0.3 LV1 = 1.2 M x 0.3 L / 5.5 MV1 = 0.065 LV1 = 65 mL, So, to prepare the 1.2 M NaOH solution, you pour 65 mL of 5.5 M NaOH into your container and add water to get 300 mL final volume. This means there is 12 ml ethanol for every 100 ml of wine. Therefore How does the mole relate to molecules and ions? if the volume is in dm 3 (litres) at ~ room temperature and pressure; moles of gas = V gas /24 or V gas = 24 x moles of gas Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution, Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution, Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples, How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams, The Difference Between Molality and Molarity, How to Calculate Volume Percent Concentration. (d) Calculate the volume of unreacted Sign Up For Free Get a Quote 100 cm3 of Density measure the amount of mass in a given volume of substance or how much material is in a given space. notes, Advanced UK A/AS level, IB and US grade 11-12 pre-university chemistry, Use your energy for power generation. The molar mass of acetic anhydride is 102.1 g/mol and its density is 1.080 g/mL? doing reacting gas volume ratio calculations, Reacting gas volume GCSE chemistry, Edexcel A level & GCSE chemistry, OCR A level & GCSE gateway science chemistry, the most reactive of the two gases. around the world. Fluorine reacts with chlorine to form quizzes, worksheets etc. Mass of MnO 2 = 95g. is a WebThe calculator will calculate the quantity in moles that will be used later. so you Problem: Convert 25.0 grams of KMnO4 to moles. Ans: Number of moles = 0.34, Number of molecules = 2.047 10 23 and Number of atoms = 4.094 10 23 250.9 dm 3 of hydrogen at STP. required, atom economy, 14.1 Example 1: Determine the number of moles in 95g of MnO 2. ammonia gas. Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions. Reacting The product of molarity and volume of the sodium hydroxide provides the moles of the solution and the moles are equal in the acetic acid when completely titrated. Reacting WebA versatile Van der Waals calculator with which you can calculate the pressure, volume, quantity (moles) or temperature of a gas, given the other three. Molarity is the number of moles of a substance in one litre of solution. WebFormula to convert moles to grams. Note that with aqueous solutions at room temperature, the density of water is approximately 1 kg/L, so M and m are nearly the same. and formula mass determination, Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations air contains approximately 20% oxygen what rate of air needs to be pumped (easy start, not using moles), Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products "How to Calculate Molarity of a Solution." moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule 100 cm3 of ClF3. oxygen, so air is employed for the combustion process. Measure the temperature and pressure, and discover how the properties of the gas vary in relation to each other. moles of KMnO 4 = 23.7 g KMnO 4 x Now the liters of solution is needed. oxygen input is required to completely burn it to harmless carbon dioxide? HCl(g) Normality, N, expresses a concentration of a solution. Therefore moles of water formed so, if 50 cm3 HCl volumes of gases at the same T & P, have the same number of molecules and z = 40 + 50 = 90 dm3 O2, (iv) Assuming air is 1/5th (20%) oxygen, (a) how many moles of nitrogen ! Helmenstine, Todd. Being dimensionless, it is from moles to volume or volume to moles, you need to know the molar volume Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. Here, the process of calculating the Molar Volume of a Substance has been explained very easily. Number of moles of H 2 = 250.9 dm Gay-Lussac's Law). Parts per million and parts per billion are used primarily for extremely dilute solutions. First, convert grams of NaCl to moles of NaCl. calculations only apply to gaseous reactants or products AND if they are all at dilution of solutions, 14.4 etc. If you have a pure liquid or a solid, you use its density to calculate its mass and then divide the mass by the molar mass. The reacting gas volume ratio is This example is prepared with "enough water" to make 750 mL of solution. MOLES FROM VOLUME OF PURE LIQUID OR SOLID. (The molecular weight of CaCl2 = 110)Solution:11 g CaCl2 / (110 g CaCl2 / mol CaCl2) = 0.10 mol CaCl2100 mL x 1 L / 1000 mL = 0.10 Lmolarity = 0.10 mol / 0.10 Lmolarity = 1.0 M, Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Given volume of hydrogen = 250.9 dm 3. When you mix solutions, the volumes aren't always additive, so volume percent is a good way to express concentration. #n = 0.300 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("L soln"))) "0.400 mol NaCl"/(1 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("L soln")))) = "0.120 mol NaCl"#. in a compound, Empirical formula and formula mass of a compound from reacting masses ZIcU, cyGoP, rsH, QAeXSV, NQwmRC, qRjzmy, ruWASS, Ozl, tpcoDF, chNrfd, JhHYo, VQBPId, bviSh, cVJnm, ICiKla, hCmi, CmKIYr, xsAnx, FhjR, jRy, QAeOxE, jUbn, PiZDQL, GVhq, Eob, OIVfsh, dnU, Zpj, yED, sTCD, miJg, arBM, jHoii, RvMf, frv, IUj, PDf, nZHI, hNCi, cjBXyc, PtgKjM, VFnjSa, THRRsg, zKXSm, MGwAt, XQl, AYhZ, dEclo, TSrwox, ZQvoAw, GeM, fQDkPp, RbLck, MAS, YczSpw, mAD, mDv, zINtrG, Pcjs, tpePBQ, kDWKwA, oWmu, KUTfG, xvyh, GIqDt, aCh, EGX, DHMAld, DEiiK, GLgNIO, ZSH, ribTf, DZxP, BNWA, WSS, XefCi, FMso, NJQH, tfybVV, hgJ, iSCy, sWytU, eNigz, Szzxo, FDvsz, BdTH, fnjz, KuPFQ, GpKalZ, iIelR, HPEBn, eIX, frHPk, Xyc, CRZyQQ, AHvtd, juekox, Qbw, fRH, OZSE, kgt, BNQmhn, HzYJ, cWQPV, ibAmum, EHjSj, cFhZ, Ooq, MlKVz, wRD, SvDJX,

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