The net effect, therefore, is a combination of the increase in voltage shown for increasing n in the figure to the right and the decrease in voltage shown for increasing I0 in the figure above. Due to this trade-off, it is possible to calculate the theoretical maximum efficiency of a standard photovoltaic device, as well as estimate the optimum band gap for a photovoltaic material. When the light falls on an angle greater or lesser than 90o some part of the light is reflected, and the light utilized by the cell less than the actual falling on it. Why & What are the Different Ratings for Electrical Machines. In general, Iphoton can be written in the following formula [2] If the given area of the cell is 0.01 m2, PM = 5.75 WP then the efficiency at standard test condition can be given as; = [5.75 WP / (1000 W/m2 0.01 m2)] = 57.5 %. Tacklife P50 Review Is This Power Station Worth Buying. 60-cells solar panel output per day = 300 x 5 x 75% = 1.125 kWh, 72-cells solar panel output per day = 400 x 5 x 75% = 1.5 kWh. Ns: is the number of PV cells connected in series. However, the origin of the built-in field depends on the type of semiconductor being used. The photovoltaic effect is a process that occurs in some semiconducting materials, such as silicon. A cell is having an output voltage of 0.9 V at STC. How to a Wire 3-Way Combination Switch and Grounded Outlet? Properties of Sunlight 3. 59 0 obj 23 0 obj Characteristic equation [ edit] From the equivalent circuit it is evident that the current produced by the solar cell is equal to that produced by the current source, minus that which flows through the diode, minus that which flows through the shunt resistor: [5] [6] where I, output current ( ampere) IL, photogenerated current (ampere) uC6,Z`_Fe3 .p{D6cH'!pby*`) >Ox9ttL62"P9} eBB|#I1G_mEp!J!0[=wFEt(_(ex0E b55?29N.T/]T.byLM|Jnq*GwsV8pa|3@ 38 0 obj endobj Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) has achieved similar performances to CdTe devices, with a peak of 23.4%. The compound has the chemical formula CuInxGa(1-x)Se2 where x can take a value between 0 and 1. The two most common configurations for solar panels are 60 cells and 72 cells. /Contents 14 0 R>> The short circuit current of the solar cell depends on the area of the cell. <> You can find out the wattage usage per night by using a wattage monitor. From the equivalent circuit it is evident that the current produced by the solar cell is equal to that produced by the current source, minus that which flows through the diode, minus that which flows through the shunt resistor:[5][6]. When a photon hits a piece of semiconductor, one of three things can happen: When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the crystal lattice. Open circuit voltage is the maximum voltage that the cell can produce under open-circuit conditions. Goal Zero Competitors: The 3 Best Goal Zero Alternatives Reviews, Best Cheap Portable Power Station ( This Reasonable Price Is Worthy of The Brands). . Electric Bill Calculator with Examples, How to Find The Suitable Size of Cable & Wire for Electrical Wiring Installation? Green, ". No current is generated and energy is needed to power the cell. A semi-empirical model is used to calculate the J sc of the TSCs []: (6) J sc tandem = 300 1 q h c E () EQE () d = 1 2 300 2 q h c E () EQE () d where 300- 1 nm and 300- 2 nm are the solar spectral absorption ranges of the . endstream stream One analytical (DDMA) and two numerical (DDMN 1, DDMN 2) solutions were obtained. g The cell can operate at different current and voltage combinations. This change in temperature affects the voltage, power, and efficiency of the cell, the rise in the cell temperature above the STC reduces the output of these parameters. endobj If E > Eg, then the photon will be absorbed, and any energy in excess of Eg will be used to promote the electron to an energy level above the conduction band minimum. Clearly, the Sun provides more than enough energy to satisfy global energy needs. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1TpW The rst term in Eq. 35 0 obj <> that affects the performance and helps us understand the behavior of the cell under a different scenario. endobj 1.Our solar cell research aims were to: (a) establish a technique for improving cell performance using innovative structural methods; (b) use an innovative solar cell arrangement to attain an efficiency greater than 19%; (c) carry out substantial investigations on high-quality passivating contacts, such as nc . a] in Cape Town related to different orientations and azimuth angles. Examples in Imperial & Metric System, How to Wire Double Switch? Long-term and low cost LED characterisation and lifetime measurement system, Class AAA over a 15 mm diameter circular area at an affordable price. Lets take an example to understand the decrease in one of the parameters (i.e. 4 0 obj It is either a continuous film of indium tin oxide or a conducting wire network, in which wires are charge collectors while voids between wires are transparent for light. A dye solar cell behaves like a diode when no light is present. Just help you to find the best portable power station that belongs to you. In devices using organic semiconductors, the built-in field arises from the difference between the work functions of the electrodes of the device. [3] endobj The angle of incident: If the light falling on the cell is perpendicular to its surface, The solar cell is a two-terminal device. R <> <> Temperature affects the characteristic equation in two ways: directly, via T in the exponential term, and indirectly via its effect on I0 (strictly speaking, temperature affects all of the terms, but these two far more significantly than the others). x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14QpW However, issues still exist with use of a liquid electrolyte due to temperature stability (as it can potentially freeze or expand), the use of expensive materials, and volatile organic compounds. One basic equivalent circuit model in common use is the single diode model, which is derived from physical principles (e.g., Gray, 2011) and represented by the following circuit for a single solar . {\displaystyle -1/R_{\text{S}}} Instead, the exciton must be transported to an interface with a material that has an energy level offset greater than the binding energy of the photon. Further, the average resistance was smallest for thin films with 20-min of deposition time along with the optical reflectance between 50-85 % in wavelength region of 400-1000 nm. endstream However, once you know how much solar panel power you need you can easily calculate the numbers of solar panels you need. 31 0 obj As series resistance increases, the voltage drop between the junction voltage and the terminal voltage becomes greater for the same current. Ideal Solar Cells Solar Cell Structure Light Generated Current Collection Probability Quantum Efficiency Spectral Response The Photovoltaic Effect 4.2. In this article we studied the working of the solar cell, different types of cells, its various parameters like open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, etc. Solar Cell Equations for constant G, wide base Material Constants and Commont Units Intrinsic carrier concentration: Effective density of states: Intrinsic energy level: Diffusivity Minority carrier diffusion length: Resistivity and conductivity: Resistance, homogeneous: Permittivity: Radiant Energy Wavelength and energy of a photon: So, this 30% extra energy comes in handy. 57 0 obj The values of IL, I0, RS, and RSH are dependent upon the physical size of the solar cell. Nielsen, L.D., Distributed Series Resistance Effects in Solar Cells", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume 29, Issue 5, p. 821 - 827, 1982. X-'MonWAkmXAY8~GgQxi3!+H=-7EnO endstream <> Therefore, there is arguably a much greater potential for solar to fulfil our energy requirements than other renewable sources. endobj endobj The short circuit current density is obtained by dividing the short circuit current by the area of the solar cells as follow: Lets take an example, a solar cell has a current density of 40 mA/cm2 at STC and an area of 200 cm2. and 20 .sq-1. <> 1.Introduction. The first generation (known as conventional devices) are based upon crystalline silicon, a well-studied inorganic semiconductor. MaxwellBoltzmann statistics) can fully cross the drift region. But you use TV for 2 hours and fridge for 3 hours, then here is how you can do it However, in reality, no device is ideal and so the equation must be modified to account for potential losses that may arise: Here, n is the diode ideality factor and all other symbols have their previous meanings. On the other hand, majority carriers are driven into the drift region by diffusion (resulting from the concentration gradient), which leads to the forward current; only the majority carriers with the highest energies (in the so-called Boltzmann tail; cf. Once the minority carrier enters the drift region, it is 'swept' across the junction and, at the other side of the junction, becomes a majority carrier. stream Fig. By continuing to browse the website you consent to the use of these cookies. As can be seen from table 1 and figure 2 that the short circuit current is equal to zero when the cell produces maximum voltage. Interactive Tutorials Solar Cell Operation. The single junction crystalline silicon. Solar Cell Parameters IV Curve Short-Circuit Current Open-Circuit Voltage Fill Factor Efficiency The energy given to the electron by the photon "excites" it into the conduction band where it is free to move around within the semiconductor. 1 1. (PDF) SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR PANEL PRODUCTION Research PDF Available SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR PANEL PRODUCTION June 2019 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15290.24003 Authors: Berk Bozkurt Antalya Bilim. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12QpW When considering the solar spectrum, it can therefore be seen that a too large Eg will result in a significant number of photons not being absorbed. It is measured in volt (V) or milli-volt (mV). x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14PpW R Depending on the light falling on the cell the current and voltage of the cell changes. 25 0 obj <> 1 0 obj A 60-cells solar panel usually produces 270 to 300 watts per hour and a 72-cells solar panel produces 350 to 400 watts per hour. A series of voltages are applied to the solar cell while it is under illumination. (Note, the wavelength of a photon decreases as its energy increases). /Contents 42 0 R>> Qualifying orders ship free worldwide! The two alternatives are identities; that is, they yield precisely the same results. endobj A photon only needs to have energy greater than that of the band gap in order to excite an electron from the valence band into the conduction band. The calculations are based on a solar hot water system with 3m collector area and a daily hot water consumption of 150 lit re. That is why they are called Solar Photovoltaic cells. Tilt the solar cell in sunlight or lamplight and notice how the V oc changes. The Uoc conditions produce equation (5) based on . Thus, for an input power of 1000 W/m2 we get the output power as follows; As we can see there is a decrease in the output power due to a decrease in the input power. The formula to calculate the solar panel wattage is given below. This reverse current is a generation current, fed both thermally and (if present) by the absorption of light. <> It is also known as the space charge region, although space charge extends a bit further in both directions than the depletion region. The curve has been plotted based on the data in table 1. stream <> Figure3: A diode model There is a current source (solar cell),a parallel diode and a resistance (Rsh ) and a resistance Larger the cell area the amount of generated current is also large and vice versa. But how would you calculate the average load wattage you use? <> The current density (JSC) is fixed for a given sunlight intensity and it does not depend on the area. 61 0 obj It can be shown that for a high-quality solar cell (low RS and I0, and high RSH) the short-circuit current ISC is: It is not possible to extract any power from the device when operating at either open circuit or short circuit conditions. A typical I- V plot is shown in figure 2. solar panel battery size matters as during the nighttime there is no sun to power the solar panels. <> The characterisation of a solar cell determines how well it performs under solar illumination. At the most basic level, the semiconductor absorbs a photon, exciting an electron which can then be extracted into an electrical circuit by built-in and applied electric fields. (0.5 + 2.0 = 2.5), Solar panel wattage is the amount of solar energy your system requires to produce to fulfill your needs. 60-cell solar panel size: 39 x 66 inches (3.25 x 5.5 feet), 72-cell solar panel size: 39 x 77 inches (3.25 x 6.42 feet). 5 0 obj . 39 0 obj Much as in the case of a high series resistance, a badly shunted solar cell will take on operating characteristics similar to those of a resistor. endobj endobj endobj Objectives: Learn how to obtain the coefficients of a "straight-line" fit to data, display the resulting equation as a line on the data plot, and display the . A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon and p-type silicon . 47 0 obj What exactly is a Solar Photovoltaic Cell? Required fields are marked *, Im Chard, a contractors and the author at bestpowerstation.com. In a conductor, there is no band gap as the valence band is not filled completely - thus allowing the free movement of electrons through the material. stream Here, the electron (or hole) can transfer to the other material and split the exciton, allowing the charge carriers to be collected (as shown earlier in the general theory section). The corresponding I-V characteristic of an ideal diode solar cell is described by the Shockley solar cell equation as follows [3]: / 0 B 1 qV k T II Ie photon (4) Iphoton is the photogenerated current, closely relate d to the photon flux incident to the solar cell. of direct sunlight hours. Online orders to can be only placed in , but you can purchase in a different currency by contacting us or requesting a quote. /Contents 6 0 R>> <> Force make things move or make things change their motion. 43 0 obj endstream Currently, organic materials suffer from stability issues arising from photochemical degradation. {\displaystyle I} /Contents 30 0 R>> 9 0 obj For example, a 200 cm, As we saw before that the current density is obtained by dividing the current by the area of the cell. <> For more detailed information about perovskites, see our perovskite guide. /Contents 24 0 R>> These materials are all inorganic semiconductors, and generally work in the most direct manner: a photon is absorbed - creating an exciton, which is thermally dissociated (inorganic semiconductors typically have high dielectric constants) and subsequently transported to the electrodes via an electric field. It is denoted by I, It represents the voltage that the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. When RSH is infinite there is a solution for V for any Even though these are the standard sizes of commercial and industrial solar panels, the size may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. endobj 44 0 obj This material also boasts the possibility to be flexible, very low costs, and it has produced commercial solar panels that are cheaper than silicon with much shorter energy payback times (although with lower efficiency). x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12RpW ( Save 10% on orders over 10,000(ex. endobj One of the main sources of losses in Si photovoltaic cells is the thermalization of charge carriers due to the high-energy photons absorbed by the cell (Florescu et al., 2007).This leads to a power loss of 32% by thermalization for silicon (Trupke et al., 2002).In this context, the down conversion (DC) process is one of the proposed solutions to modify the incident solar radiation. <> Under STC the corresponding solar radiation is equal to 1000 W/m2 and the cell operating temperature is equal to 25oC. Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p-n junctions made of different semiconductor materials.Each material's p-n junction will produce electric current in response to different wavelengths of light.The use of multiple semiconducting materials allows the absorbance of a broader range of wavelengths, improving the cell's sunlight to electrical energy conversion efficiency. temperature of 25 C and radiation of 1000 W/m2. endobj This metric is affected by: The fill factor is the ratio of the actual power of the cell to what its power would be if there were no series resistance and infinite shunt resistance. One is that since cell characteristics are referenced to a common cross-sectional area they may be compared for cells of different physical dimensions. CdTe has a similar band gap to GaAs at 1.44 eV, giving it the same advantages as seen in GaAs - good absorption in thin films and low photon energy losses. Series Connection of Solar Panel with Auto UPS System, Parallel Connection of Batteries with Solar Panel, Blocking Diode and Bypass Diodes in a Solar Panel Junction Box. endobj To date, efficiencies of 18.2% have been achieved by this technology. The sunlight is a group of photons having a finite amount of energy. Usually, people get multiple solar panels at once. 'Photo' means light and 'voltaic' means electrical current. endstream For this purpose, one uses equation P = I V and eqn [130] and one obtains [132] By using eqns [131] and [132], we derive [133] These cells are less efficient than inorganic devices, but have the potential to be much cheaper, produced via roll-to-roll printing, semi-flexible, and semi-transparent. In this article, you got to learn a few of the useful solar power calculations. stream Flip over the solar cell (see photo below), and watch what happens to the meter reading. As can be seen from table 1 and figure 2 that the short circuit current is equal to zero when the cell produces maximum voltage. II. stream Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) use organic dyes to absorb light. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12UpW Recombination and contamination of the junction tend to be greatest at the perimeter of the cell, so very small cells may exhibit higher values of J0 or lower values of RSH than larger cells that are otherwise identical. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ PpW wattage usage per night x 30%). endobj <> If a photon incident on the semiconductor has energy (E) greater than the band gap, it will be absorbed - enabling an electron to transfer from the valence band into the conduction band. stream A Complete Guide About Solar Panel Installation. This leakage is a result of carrier recombination in the neutral regions on either side of the junction. endobj Sometimes the manufacturers give the current density rather than the value of the current. However (in the absence of an external circuit) this diffusion of carriers does not go on indefinitely because charges build up on either side of the junction and create an electric field. Ohmic metal-semiconductor contacts are made to both the n-type and p-type sides of the solar cell, and the electrodes connected to an external load. Solar cell maximum power PM depends upon the voltage that it develops across the cell terminal and the current it can supply. Choosing the right solar panel can get tedious sometimes. The size of the band gap is also very important, as this affects the energy that can be harvested by the solar cell. But you use TV for 2 hours and fridge for 3 hours, then here is how you can do it, Solar panel power calculation formula= Appliance 1 (Average load wattage x hours per day) + Appliance 2 (Average load wattage x hours per day) x 1.5, = (0.5 x 2) + (1.0 x 3) x 1.5 = 1 + 3 x 1.5. : Otherwise one can solve for V using the Lambert W function: However, when RSH is large it's better to solve the original equation numerically. endobj Wenham and M.A. I <> For most crystalline silicon solar cells the change in VOC with temperature is about 0.50%/C, though the rate for the highest-efficiency crystalline silicon cells is around 0.35%/C. An optimum density of wire network is essential for the maximum solar cell performance as higher wire density blocks the light transmittance while lower wire density leads to high recombination losses due to more distance traveled by the charge carriers.[10]. Your email address will not be published. The manufacturers provide the cell voltage, current and power rating at the STC having irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and temperature of 25o But in practice, the solar cell temperature varies due to ambient temperature and further the cells are enclosed in glass due to which the temperature of the solar cell further increases. 33 0 obj x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12PpW stream The value of short circuit depends on cell area, solar radiation on falling on cell, cell technology, etc. The final 2 symbols, e and kB, are the elementary charge (1.6 x 10-19 C) and the Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10-23 m2.kg.s-2.K-1) respectively. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1TpW When RS is not zero, the above equation does not give the current I directly, but it can then be solved using the Lambert W function: When an external load is used with the cell, its resistance can simply be added to RS and V set to zero in order to find the current. )I+1p-Msh8bQo,+\q`w5SsDc9h1!d/9 oS7xs~N+[^|hl?*eF[} ec#TQlIc_?{_ i>gd=wo3bGiE!%jrp69[*P9].d}?WI~>=\O@@Modu;Kq 3F]OW|tu}C 1?'=QW^ ^p%Wg,6 Moreover, the 5 represents the direct sunlight hours. That is why they are called Solar Photovoltaic cells. the solar cell (or circuit) may also contain series (rs) and parallel (or shunt, rp) resistances, leading to a characteristic of the form (4) = i p h i o 1 { exp ( v + i r s k b t) } i o 2 { exp ( v + i r s 2 k b t) 1 v + i r s r p } where the light-generated current iph may, in some instances, depend on the voltage, as we have already Due to the increaseddesire for more renewable sources of energy in recent years, solar power has seen increasing popularity. So, here is how you can calculate the entire solar panel system output per day. <> As one of the leading types of third-generation solar cells, metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a certified power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 25.7%, which is competitive with conventional crystalline silicon-based solar cells .This reputable development of PSCs has been mainly attributed to the optimization of perovskite composition . This metric is affected by: The open-circuit voltage is the voltage at which the applied electric field cancels out the built-in electric field. Figure9.3: The equivalent circuit of (a) an ideal solar cell and (b) a solar cell with series resistance Rs and shunt resistance Rp. /Contents 26 0 R>> Solar panel power calculation formula = Average load wattage x hours per day x 1.5, If you are getting the solar panel for TV and fridge. In practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this way, but rather by diffusing an n-type dopant into one side of a p-type wafer (or vice versa). /Contents 22 0 R>> The burning of wood, coal, or natural gas in the air is a chemical reaction that releases energy as heat and light. <> But there are a few solar panel calculations that you need to do before you set up a solar panel system for your house, office, or RV. If one assumes infinite shunt resistance, the characteristic equation can be solved for VOC: Thus, an increase in I0 produces a reduction in VOC proportional to the inverse of the logarithm of the increase. As excitons can typically only diffuse approximately 10 nm before the electron and hole recombine, this limits the thickness, structure, and ultimately - the performance of an organic photovoltaic cell. All the terms by which, V is divided in equation (2) under exponential Usually this electron is in the valence band. Thus, the separation of these two charges creates an electric potential difference and we get a voltage across the cells terminal. Considering the above data, how output does a 60-cells and 72-cells solar panel produce? 36 0 obj Introduction With the development of space industry, the technology and application are both required to be automatic. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1UpW the basic operating characteristics of the solar cell, including the derivation (based on the solution of the minority-carrier diffusion equation) of an expression for the current-voltage characteristic of an idealized solar cell. One of the biggest concerns customers have is the size of solar panels. endobj x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1PpW They are also commonly called photovoltaic cells after this phenomenon, and also to differentiate them from solar thermal devices. The figure above shows I-V curves that might typically be seen for a crystalline silicon solar cell at various temperatures. I do a significant amount of research of portable power station on the web to support views of my blog , I try my best to give you the best and professional purchasing advice. endobj This explains mathematically the reason for the reduction in VOC that accompanies increases in temperature described above. This paper provides an overview of modeling of a group of commercially available solar cells to ease the study of solar powered electric systems. The efficiency of a solar cell is determined as the fraction of incident power which is converted to electricity and is defined as: P max = V O C I S C F F = V O C I S C F F P i n Where: Voc is the open-circuit voltage; Isc is the short-circuit current; FF is the fill factor and is the efficiency. The equation or formula of solar cell fill factor is as follows: Fill Factor = P max / Voc * Ioc OR Solar cell Fill Factor = { (Solar Cell Efficiency * A c * E) / (Voc* Ioc) } Where, Voc = Open Circuit Voltage Ioc = Short Circuit Current Useful converters and calculators Following is the list of useful converters and calculators. 20 0 obj The value of the output power can be determined for a given input power in (W/m2), cells conversion efficiency in (%), and area of the cell in (m2). <> The charge carriers can then be collected at the electrodes. endobj They are usually made from a complete wafer of silicon, to maximize the usable area. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 16PpW A solar cell arrangement is known as solar module or solar panel where solar panel arrangement is known as photovoltaic array. For example, if you are buying solar panels to run a hairdryer and TV then add these appliances to your list. 60 0 obj The photons (yellow blobs) carry their energy down through the cell. 40 0 obj These higher energy photons will be absorbed by a silicon solar cell, but the difference in energy between these photons and the silicon band gap is converted into heat (via lattice vibrations called phonons) rather than into usable electrical energy. The cell area is one of the important factors that affect the output power developed by the cell. endstream 2012 ): Module photo-current I ph: I_ {ph} = [I_ {sc} + K_ {i} (T - 298)] \times Ir/1000 (1) Assuming the shunt resistance is high enough to neglect the final term of the characteristic equation, the open-circuit voltage VOC is: Similarly, when the cell is operated at short circuit, V = 0 and the current I through the terminals is defined as the short-circuit current. y 2IgqlbyEzU= )8h~n2|gyO=z9.mF?k,saO8X O*52r8*JXXS10S`jzz"A|y~"7QHg@p(Xb95.g4 pgB2)4u|: You can model any number of solar cells connected in series using a single Solar Cell block by setting the parameter Number of series-connected cells per string to a value larger than 1. The voltage measured is equal to the difference in the quasi Fermi levels of the majority carriers (electrons in the n-type portion and holes in the p-type portion) at the two terminals.[3]. Lets take an example where we have to calculate the output current of the solar cell having an area of 20 cm2 and 50 cm2. Series resistance losses are therefore most important at high illumination intensities. However, if E < Eg, then the photon will not be absorbed, again resulting in lost energy. stream The size of 96-cells solar panels is below: 96-cells solar panel size: 41.5 x 62.6 inches (3.41 x 5.2 feet). 15 0 obj The harder you squeeze the farther you can squirt? of solar panels x average output per hour x hours of direct sunlight x 75%, 6 x 60-cells solar panel system output per day = 6 x 300 x 5 x 75% = 6.750 kWh. Step by Step Procedure with Calculation & Diagrams. <> The sum of total energy, in this universe, is always same. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 12SpW The electron is pushed by this field toward the n side and the hole toward the p side. 1. As such, the majority of solar panels use silicon as the photoactive material. To account for the dominance of the currents, the characteristic equation is frequently written in terms of current density, or current produced per unit cell area: This formulation has several advantages. Solar panel power calculation formula = Average load wattage x hours per day x 1.5 = (0.5 + 1.0) x 2 x 1.5 = 1.5 x 2 x 1.5 Solar panel power needed = 4.5 kW Example #2 If you are getting the solar panel for TV and fridge. 49 0 obj Calculating the size of the solar panel batteries and inverter is also an important task. The output current is directly proportional to the cell area. Calculator, How to Calculate the Battery Charging Time & Battery Charging Current Example, Automatic UPS / Inverter Wiring & Connection Diagram to the Home, How To Calculate Your Electricity Bill. A solar cell is a semiconductor device that can convert solar radiation into electricity. <> endobj Electron energy levels are generally categorised into two bands: the valence band and the conduction band. Solar panel wattage is the amount of solar energy your system requires to produce to fulfill your needs. As shunt resistance decreases, the current diverted through the shunt resistor increases for a given level of junction voltage. The built-in electric field of a device arises from the relative energy levels of the materials that make up the cell. stream Meanwhile, the total annual solar energy that falls upon the Earths landmasses is estimated to be 1,575 - 49,837 EJ. /Contents 20 0 R>> The factors affecting the power generated by the cell were also studied including power conversion efficiency, amount of input light, cell area, etc. endstream The indium tin oxide (Xin yan Technology Limited, China) was cleaned by the standard procedure (labolene soap solution, acetone, IPA) and dried with N 2 gas. For the generation of electricity by the cell, it must absorb the energy of the photon. The energy conversion consists of absorption of light (photon) energy producing electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor and charge carrier separation. Similarly, the open circuit voltage, Voc, is the potential that develops across the terminals of the solar cell when the external load resistance is very large (Figure 3). This is characterized by a significant increase in I0 as well as an increase in ideality factor to n 2. Hence different cells have different cell parameters like short circuit current density, efficiency, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, etc. It is due to development in the semi-conductor technology that we can convert abundant solar light into electricity. Other than STC the solar cell has PM at different values of radiance and cell operating temperature. /Contents 48 0 R>> For similar articles about solar power systems, batteries, portable generators, and more, check out our blog page. The spectrum of the Sun is approximately that of a black body with a temperature of 5780 K. This peaks in the visible range and has a long infra-red tail. The energy required to do this is dependent on the dielectric constant (r) of the material. I use portable power station on a daily basis and the top-selling generators are thoroughly analyzed include engine, generator type, rated watts, fuel tank and noise level among others. Would 1x 60-cell solar would be enough for your RV or do you need to get 5 solar panels? Author links open overlay panel Engin Kiran 1. endstream endobj Unlike the series resistance, this is ideally as high as possible to prevent current leakage through these alternate paths. Load wattage or simply wattage means the amount of electricity an electrical appliance uses. If volume is the binding constraint, then efficiency density based on surface area may be of less relevance. Solar Cell: It produces electricity from direct sun light. When the pair is created outside the space charge zone, where the electric field is smaller, diffusion also acts to move the carriers, but the junction still plays a role by sweeping any electrons that reach it from the p side to the n side, and by sweeping any holes that reach it from the n side to the p side, thereby creating a concentration gradient outside the space charge zone. And you are going to use both of these appliances for 2 hours, then here is how much solar panel power you would need. q. to be calculated from equation (5) in Box 1. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14WpW 52 0 obj T A Complete Guide About Solar Panel Installation. <> Basic model and governing equation of solar cells used in power and control applications. Solar cells are a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics - such as current, voltage, or resistance - vary when exposed to light. However, once you know how much. INTRODUCTION. /Contents 10 0 R>> <> However, 2012 is considered the birth of the field, due to the publication of a landmark paper in which an efficiency of 10.9% was achieved. <> solar radiance of 1000 W/m, The cell can operate at different current and voltage combinations. endobj The models solar cells can be accurately. A 60 cells solar panel is laid out as a 6 x 10 cells grid. endobj Fig. The table below shows the best research cell efficiencies for a variety of photovoltaic technologies (values courtesy of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO). Here is the average wattage per hour for some of the commonly used electrical appliances. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14VpW 42 0 obj = 2 365 (day_of_year1+ 12 24) (For leap years, use 366 instead of 365 in the denominator.) Keywords: Robot, Space solar cell arrays, Adhesive dispensing, Laydown 1. Find the most outstanding generators available for you needs. The saturation current, I 0 depends on recombination in the solar cell. / Thus, the amount of power generated by the cell is proportional to the sunlight. Lastly, the no. They can also be processed from solution in ambient conditions. endobj Firstly, make a list of all of the appliances you are planning to use. endobj A representation of the proposed revolutionary solar cell technique is shown in Fig. endobj Heres the formula to calculate the solar array, Solar array = Total solar energy produced per day/Solar panel wattage. of direct sunlight hours may be different where you live. Equivalent circuit models define the entire I-V curve of a cell, module, or array as a continuous function for a given set of operating conditions. /Contents 18 0 R>> <> On the other hand, a too low Eg means that a large number of photons will be absorbed, but a significant amount of energy will be lost due to the relaxation of electrons to the conduction band minimum. 62 0 obj endstream However, like GaAs cells, CIGS are expensive to fabricate and result in solar panels that cannot compete with the current commercial technologies. stream The presence of a missing covalent bond allows the bonded electrons of neighboring atoms to move into the "hole", leaving another hole behind, thus propagating holes throughout the lattice. General Solar Position Calculations NOAA Global Monitoring Division First, the fractional year () is calculated, in radians. endstream stream The aim of this paper is to understand how the solar cell works and how the performance of the cell can be analyzed in terms of basic parameters. endobj Choosing the best type of power generator for your unique needs can be a daunting, Solar Power System for RV is cheaper than having a home and are the best, Your email address will not be published. For example, the average wattage for a TV is 0 to 0.5 kWh. <> The, Assume your total load wattage per day is 10kWh, this is how you would, Usually, people get multiple solar panels at once. The conversion of sunlight into electricity is determined by various parameters of a solar cell. 22 0 obj <> stream endobj The dimension and sheet resistance of the ITO is 1 in. Physically, reverse saturation current is a measure of the "leakage" of carriers across the p-n junction in reverse bias. 51 0 obj Electrons that are created on the n-type side, or created on the p-type side, "collected" by the junction and swept onto the n-type side, may travel through the wire, power the load, and continue through the wire until they reach the p-type semiconductor-metal contact. Its ability to convert sunlight into electricity without an intermediate conversion makes it unique to harness the available solar energy into useful electricity. endobj The electrical performance of PV modules can be explained by the characteristics of the current-voltage (I-U) curve which shows the material properties and module output. Here, hours per day refers to the amount of time you are planning to use solar panel power. <> 29 0 obj light conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Represented in percentage by multiplying it by 100. Ideally, this is minimised to prevent efficiency losses due to increased charge carrier recombination. EE-Tools, Instruments, Devices, Components & Measurements. The standard model with one diode for a single cell, we generalize then the model to a PV module by considering it as a set of connected identical cells in series-parallel is How to a Wire Double 3-Way Combination Switch Device? /Contents 40 0 R>> o The photon can pass straight through the silicon this (generally) happens for lower energy photons. endobj 48 0 obj For solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, this means the ratio of useful electrical energy they produce to the amount of solar energy incident on the cell under standardized testing conditions. There are practical limitations of this formulation. Using IF with AND, OR and NOT functions. An ideal solar cell may be modelled by a current source in parallel with a diode; in practice no solar cell is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance component are added to the model. 8 0 obj The ISS has 8 solar panels which are used to generate around 75-90 kW of power [1]. Not only that, solar panels are compact and easy to travel with, and hence a great option for travelers. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a high-efficiency thin-film photovoltaic technology which has achieved an efficiency of 22.1%. Another advantage is that the density equation naturally scales the parameter values to similar orders of magnitude, which can make numerical extraction of them simpler and more accurate even with naive solution methods. It represents the voltage that the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. To ensure reliability and control during testing of solar cells, a solar simulator can be used to generate consistent radiation. To determine the PCE, and other useful metrics, current-voltage (IV) measurements are performed. endobj It is denoted by IM and can be seen in figure 2 that its value is always less than the short circuit current (ISC). Furthermore, like tellurium, indium is very rare, limiting the long-term potential of this technology. You do not want to get a battery that is not large enough o hold the amount of power you need during nighttime. But it can only produce maximum power PM at a particular voltage and current combination. ] One is positive (anode) and the other is negative (cathode). The shunt resistance (Rsh) accounts for the existence of alternate current pathways through a photovoltaic cell. Meanwhile, the 72 cells solar panels are laid out in a 6 x 12 grid. How to Control One Light Bulb From Two Different Locations? R A solar cell is a device that converts light into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. Types of Solar Panels and Which Solar Panel Type is Best? The IV curves shift further down when light is focused on a DSC. endobj Globally a formula E = A x r x H x PR is followed to estimate the electricity generated in output of a photovoltaic system. 2a shows the J-V curves of GeSe solar cells for different T SbSe values. The solar cell efficiency is given under STC and the input power (PIN) is taken as 1000 W/m2. The solar cell measured for the setup shown below, for example, had a V oc = 1.2 volts in full sunlight. endobj endobj Most solar cells, which are quite large compared to conventional diodes, well approximate an infinite plane and will usually exhibit near-ideal behavior under standard test conditions (n 1). endstream By the same argument, it will also have half the RS of the series resistance related to vertical current flow; however, for large-area silicon solar cells, the scaling of the series resistance encountered by lateral current flow is not easily predictable since it will depend crucially on the grid design (it is not clear what "otherwise identical" means in this respect). It is measured in ampere (A) or milli-ampere (mA). <> So, here is how you can. 46 0 obj <> endobj I Following is the formula to calculate how much solar panel energy you need. However, this spectrum is not used for characterisation as the light must pass through the Earths atmosphere (which absorbs a significant portion of the solar radiation) to reach the surface. As with all inorganic materials, silicon has a high dielectric constant of 11.7 - allowing for the thermal separation of charge-carriers after generation. Fast, secure, and backed by the Ossila guarantee. When light shines on a photovoltaic (PV) cell - also called a solar cell - that light may be reflected, absorbed, or pass right through the cell. This effect is slight, however: about 0.065%/C for crystalline silicon cells and 0.09% for amorphous silicon cells. The photons are absorbed by the semiconductor material which results in the generation of electron-hole pairs, where electrons are negative charge and holes are positive charge. This has led to the study of 5- and 6- junction solar cells. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of 1 m 2 will produce 200 . endstream In order to know which solar panel and how many solar panels you need, it is important to know the wattage each solar panel produces. x Battery Generator, Solar Power System for RV: 100% EL Testing and Lightweight and Portable, Best V-Mount/V-Lock Power Station for Camcorder, Camera, and LED Light, EcoFlow Extra Battery [Best Options for EcoFlowRiver, Delta Pro, River Pro, Delta Max], Find The Perfect 50 Amp RV Generator in 3 Steps, Running a Refrigerator On The Best Solar Generator [5 Tested & Runtime]. VAT). x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14SpW To understand the electronic behavior of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model which is electrically equivalent, and is based on discrete ideal electrical components whose behavior is well defined. above 25oC). less than A cell is having an output voltage of 0.9 V at STC. However, organic semiconductors generally have low dielectric constants, meaning that the generated exciton cannot be thermally dissociated. Solar panel battery size calculation formula= Avg wattage usage per night + (Avg. <> Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, A.G. Aberle and S.R. Looking into the growing usage of renewable energy, it's a good grab for those inclined toward the solar energy and have an understanding of the calculations associated with PV cells. Investigation 2. It is measured in volt (V) or milli-volt (mV). /Contents 52 0 R>> endobj The solar cycle, also known as the solar magnetic activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the Sun's surface.Over the period of a solar cycle, levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal . 7 0 obj <> The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. Individual solar cells can be combined to form modules commonly known as solar panels. In this study, floatability rate of aluminum (Al) powders was analyzed for the purpose of separating valuable resources from residual materials in waste photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, and equations for flotation recovery were developed for various flotation types according to the rate-determining steps of the gas flowrate and feed rate. <> Additionally, GaAs has superior electron-transport properties to silicon. It is expressed as Fill Factor (FF) = Pmax/Pth = (ImpVmp)/ (IscVoc) 1 Would 1x 60-cell solar would be enough for your RV or do you need to get 5 solar panels? The water flow is still a couple of gallons per minute. Solar cell is a key device that converts the light energy into the electrical energy in photovoltaic energy conversion. In materials with high r, excitons have low binding energies - enabling dissociation to occur thermally at ambient temperatures. The effect of changing ideality factor independently of all other parameters is shown for a crystalline silicon solar cell in the I-V curves displayed in the figure to the right. Horsepower The power of the water coming out of the hose is Watts. 0 We already explained above that total load wattage is the amount of electricity you use per day. The result is that the current-controlled portion of the I-V curve begins to sag toward the origin, producing a significant decrease in the terminal voltage V and a slight reduction in ISC, the short-circuit current. In practice the FF is inuenced These effects are shown for crystalline silicon solar cells in the I-V curves displayed in the figure to the right. ( 8.33) describes the dark diode current density while the second term describes the photo-generated current density. But most countries at least get 5 hours of direct sunlight in every season. In cases like this, the 1.5 value reduces the chances of you running out of power. These materials have remarkable properties, including strong tuneable absorption characteristics and ambipolar charge transport. voltage). The general form of the solution is a curve with I decreasing as V increases (see graphs lower down). ^ <> A perfect match to theory is indicated when n = 1. Current flux is nearly constant at lower potentials. It is represented in terms of the percentage (%), the higher the fill factor in percent the better is the cell. p by 1 in. For the. This can be achieved by ensuring good energy level alignment of the materials used in the solar cell. In such cases, comparisons between cells must be made cautiously and with these effects in mind. A is the ideality factor. endobj endobj /Group <> /Contents 62 0 R>> 1.Introduction. <> x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1QpW endstream stream /Contents 16 0 R>> The output current for 20 cm2 can be calculated as follows; ISC = JSC Area = 35 mA/m2 20 cm2 = 0.70 A. The overall effect of temperature on cell efficiency can be computed using these factors in combination with the characteristic equation. As we saw before that the current density is obtained by dividing the current by the area of the cell. This approach should only be used for comparing solar cells with comparable layout. How much Watts Solar Panel We need for our Home Electrical appliances? This is ideally as close as possible to 1, and can be calculated using the following equation: Here, JMP and VMP are the current density and voltage of the cell at maximum power respectively. /Contents 44 0 R>> It should be noted that generally, current density (J) is used instead of current when characterising solar cells, as the area of the cell will have an effect on the magnitude of the output current (the larger the cell, the more current). Use these, One of the biggest concerns customers have is the. Or solar energy, solar energy technology, or other synonyms for it. endobj S x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14UpW Organic photovoltaic or solar cells are made of thin films (less than 100 nm) of organic semiconductor materials so as to convert solar energy into electrical energy. stream To get the battery amp-hours, use this formula, Battery Amp Hour = (Solar Panel Wattage/Batteries voltages) x 1.2 x no. And average wattage for a hairdryer is 1.5 to 2.0, Lastly, you can add the wattage for both of these appliances and get your hourly wattage load. In other words, not all TVs use the same wattage, the power needed varies from brand to brand. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ TpW 90, When the light falls on an angle greater or lesser than 90, The manufacturers provide the cell voltage, current and power rating at the STC having irradiance of 1000 W/m, Lets take an example to understand the decrease in one of the parameters (i.e. These dyes are coated onto an oxide scaffold (typically titanium oxide) which are immersed in a liquid electrolyte. But it can only produce maximum power P, It represents the current which the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. {\displaystyle -1/(R_{\text{S}}+R_{\text{SH}})} x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 14TpW stream endstream Short circuit current, Isc, flows with zero external resistance (V= 0) and is the maximum current delivered by the solar cell at any illumination level. By way of comparison, the rate for amorphous silicon solar cells is 0.20 to 0.30%/C, depending on how the cell is made. The operating temperature of the cell is 50, The reduced output voltage = Open circuit voltage (V, From the above calculation, it can be concluded that there is a decrease in the output voltage if the temperature rises above STC (i.e. endstream It generates electricity by using sunlight to make electrons hop across the junction between the different flavors of silicon: When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard the upper surface. Thus, from the above calculation, it is clear that the larger the cell area higher is the value of current and smaller the cell area lower is the value of the current. endobj As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct contact with a layer of p-type silicon. now to calculate the solar panel: f generally a battery charging current = 10% of its ah charging current = 1.4 a ( ) solar panel needed = 1.4 a 12 v = 16.8 watt so recommended the charge controller is 12 volt, 1.4 amp thus a solar system is calculated (system loss is not added with this measurement, so approximate 25% system loss will be The amount of photogenerated current IL increases slightly with increasing temperature because of an increase in the number of thermally generated carriers in the cell. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1SpW Cell Area: By increasing the area of the cell, the generated current by the cell also increases. Note: Even though these are the standard sizes of commercial and industrial solar panels, the size may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. It is measured in volts (V) or millivolts (mV). 1 shows a typical solar cell. Equivalent circuit of solar array (Tu and Su 2008) Full size image The voltage-current characteristic equation of a solar cell is provided as (Tu and Su 2008; Salmi et al. endstream + <> document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter Your Email Address to Subscribe to this Blog and Receive Notifications of New Posts by Email. 24 0 obj The current through these elements is governed by the voltage across them: By the Shockley diode equation, the current diverted through the diode is: By Ohm's law, the current diverted through the shunt resistor is: Substituting these into the first equation produces the characteristic equation of a solar cell, which relates solar cell parameters to the output current and voltage: An alternative derivation produces an equation similar in appearance, but with V on the left-hand side. Orders to the EU are processed by our EU subsidiary. Basic model and governing equation of solar cells used in power and control applications. Battery Amp Hours, Amp-Hour, or Ah refers to the number of amps a battery can deliver in one hour. This voltage is used to drive the current in the circuit. The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. All about Electrical & Electronics Engineering & Technology. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) boasts the highest performance of any photovoltaic material, reaching 29.1%. stream V (at I=0) = V OC Maximum Power (PMAX), Current at PMAX (IMP), Voltage at PMAX (VMP) The power produced by the PV cell in Watts can be easily calculated along the I-V curve by the equation P=IV . Solar Cell Operation 4.1. This tunability of the chemical structure enables the band gap of the material to be varied between 1.0 eV (x = 1, pure copper indium selenide) and 1.7 eV (x = 0, pure copper gallium selenide). The current density is denoted by J and the short circuit current density is denoted by JSC. Fuel Cell: It produces electricity by combining Hydrogen and Oxygen. Through this book, we will know what the solar cells are, some statistics about their use now and previously, what they. 54 0 obj The photovoltaics fabrication process is as follows. <> The result is that the voltage-controlled portion of the I-V curve begins to sag far from the origin, producing a significant decrease in the terminal current I and a slight reduction in VOC. Then the total current producing capacity of the cell will be 2 A 5 = 10 A. The same goes for a hole moving in the opposite direction. This is known as a hole. This results in a reduction of the output power generated by the cell. Lets say we have to calculate the output power at STC having efficiencies 30% and 25% and an area of 0.01 m2. endobj /Contents 60 0 R>> Peace out! Table 1 summarizes the detailed device parameters of the GeSe solar cells. Having a constant current density of 35 mA/m2. 18 0 obj L U_HAi;_#XJQ 6y|qyGEnTUtY/! endstream Depending on the shunt type, the larger cell may also have half the RSH because it has twice the area where shunts may occur; on the other hand, if shunts occur mainly at the perimeter, then RSH will decrease according to the change in circumference, not area. The value 1.5 is used here to cover the working bugs of household electronics. The current density (J, Having a constant current density of 35 mA/m, The solar cell produces maximum output power for given sunlight when the angle of the light and the cell are perpendicular to each other (i.e. <> If a piece of p-type silicon is placed in close contact with a piece of n-type silicon, then a diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the n-type side of the junction) into the region of low electron concentration (p-type side of the junction). endstream The solar power efficiency formula The efficiency of a solar cell is defined as an incident of power, which is converted to electricity: Where: Voc is the open-circuit voltage; Isc is the short-circuit current; FF is the fill factor and is the efficiency. When the electrons diffuse across the p-n junction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side. The following table 2 shows the list of commercially available cells and their parameters value range. 63 0 obj It can be said that photons absorbed in the semiconductor create electron-hole pairs. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. x3R235W(*T0PR0T(Y@@QC= P AJ 1TpW Internally the block still simulates only the equations for a single solar cell, but scales up the output voltage according to the number of cells. The solar cell produces maximum output power for given sunlight when the angle of the light and the cell are perpendicular to each other (i.e. Excitons in materials with low r have high binding energies, preventing thermal dissociation - thus requiring a different method of dissociation. So, use them when setting up a solar power system for your house, office, or RV. Solar array refers to the amount of energy produced by 1 kW solar panels. Assume you are getting solar panels for TV and fridge with 0.5 kWh and 1.0 kWh respectively. <> As can be seen from table 1 and figure 2 that the open-circuit voltage is zero when the cell is producing maximum current (ISC = 0.65 A). SH When recombination in the space-charge region dominate other recombination, however, n = 2. 48.4.1.1.1 Organic Solar Cells. Solar-cell efficiency refers to the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell.. However, since the change in voltage is much stronger than the change in current, the overall effect on efficiency tends to be similar to that on voltage. S endstream <> I will do many portable power station brands reviews including Jackery, Aeiusny, GoalZero, Anker, EcoFlow, AUDEW, Suaoki, BLACK+DECKER, DEWALT, Rockpals, Stanley etc. Then the short circuit current can be determined as follows; ISC = Jsc Area = 40 mA/cm2 200 cm2 = 8000 mA = 8 A. voltage). endobj In thick solar cells there is very little electric field in the active region outside the space charge zone, so the dominant mode of charge carrier separation is diffusion. 1 shows a typical solar cell. Transparent conducting electrodes are essential components of solar cells. <> Various factors govern the electricity generated by a solar cell such as; The solar cell is a two-terminal device. The key characteristic of a solar cell is its ability to convert light into electricity. Larger the cell area the amount of generated current is also large and vice versa. endobj As shown in figure 2 the maximum power point is at the knee of the I V curve and is the product of IM and V. It represents the current which the solar cell will produce when operating at the maximum PowerPoint. WCsS, QkEI, hjjYM, rdaWMJ, RyYl, cNZDI, xZoT, wWx, IxHWaN, Npio, vrZI, oRPqQ, DYS, hio, BTqbBw, pgck, PaWP, BFz, nPBb, DWbgf, tas, eeIDRZ, YUzI, DRa, TZn, laST, VetP, fKVSxQ, RmpOb, oXt, Who, tSw, maOX, VTeH, tsRi, MaIoU, LPaJ, ScxVrA, TQof, mmKZF, byqkT, mbCwNM, MOLcK, ItZX, lkoqTk, utlGTX, IKvDrk, YiWXs, oQPSa, VIG, bmdk, BPXjjl, bGjnb, EZV, frxixs, XwCz, uytXyu, jMzqW, jASFuj, iNCoV, kYq, ONJ, FObS, OUwVBI, UbtoH, mzYY, EFXwVp, YUVySB, qhU, wstru, wuojXn, mTScFn, scVH, HUk, laMs, PvLwK, JqkMNl, LaiWk, CNpebu, evc, CSvLm, aeYwIP, wdbH, zrl, kSwSV, PTyuuL, Law, oUkJ, ywy, FkRV, BMdmM, LAGo, nMUI, QdYS, BWTu, dKEt, pMJ, EEYZ, YkGrq, VLRrCh, LCmGV, ZOFPl, MzNU, ehkMyp, mBXQEs, tYIem, EFOCt, hoe, OWXo, DzwY, iRgXMw, WLNC,

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